Catalogue of Leisure Activities

General using of computers is a versatile and a wide term. We can imagine here all activities connected with using hardware and software, e-mail etc. Basic work with computer files and advanced using of newer applications and looking for new applications and their testing.

Office applications belong to software of a computer. They can provide many activities to users and make their work more effective with various forms of data. There are word processing, spreadsheets, databases and other types. Users can chooses among many office applications of various software programmers. Some of them are free and so more accessible for a number of users.

Users are also occupied with hardware computer equipment in their leisure time. Hardware are the physical parts and components of a computer as servers, PC setup, fixing, purchasing of special hardware equipment as printers, scanners, sound, audio, or graphical devices, external devices connected via USB port – discs, accessories, lamps etc., technical construction kits controlled by a computer, programming of single-chip computers and making own single-purposed devices. Leisure-time activities in this field can be understood in two levels. The first level involves common manipulation of computer as using printers, games, or audio devices. The second level contains leisure-time activities of such users who are focused on PC fixing, making single-purposed devices etc. This already requires particular skills.

Cell phones are frequently used in one's leisure time. The activities in this field has spread a lot with the emergence of modern technology. Calling and texting is often not enough for cell phones' users anymore. They also want to have fun and stay in constant contact with their friends. Users have, besides the basic functions, numberless applications available for their intentions. Activities linked with cell phones involve Internet connection via Wi-Fi, listening to music, watching videos, taking pictures, video calls, using compass, playing games, GPS applications, searching for applications and their testing and many more. The significance of cell phones in leisure time is analyzed in studies, i.e. Kaya et al. (2015).

Tablets as well as cell phones operate on the principle of a computer. Their advantage is easy portability thanks to the size and simple touch operation control. That's why they are so favorite among users (Holloway, Green, & Livingstone, 2013). Their function is obvious – to have fun. With the Internet connection you can be in contact with anybody, anytime and anywhere. (Leung, 2015) Users can work with many applications and functions.

A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes (data links.) These data links are established over cable media such as wires or optic cables, or wireless media such as WiFi.

Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes. Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each other. In most cases, application-specific communications protocols are layered (i.e. carried as payload) over other more general communications protocols. This formidable collection of information technology requires skilled network management to keep it all running reliably.

Searching for information on the Internet can be an interesting way of spending one's leisure time.

Society is overwhelmed by information. That is why it is necessary for individuals to be able to orient themselves and to choose reliable and true pieces of information. Information reflects to whom it is addressed, data about author, and the sources the author drew from, particularly in case of expert information. Another identification feature can be grammar and stylistic format of the text. There are various courses and circles focused on IT, safe work with the Internet, and media literacy.

Online applications do not have to be installed into user's device and can be used in any device that is connected with the Internet. Their advantage is that they back up data on a server and are accessible for user from anywhere. But the data can be misused when dealing untrusted providers which is their disadvantage. Online applications are for example: e-banking, applications for reservations at libraries or hotels, e-shops, online diaries, or applications to support a healthy lifestyle.

E-learning is learning via IT or communication technologies. This enables users to study something they need at the moment and they can do it at the place they are situated. The specific feature of e-learning is local and temporal distance between students and teachers or tutors. Participants are responsible for their education but they can set their own pace and style of learning that suit them. E-learning can be unintended, informal (hobby courses, online manuals etc.), or formal ones (organized education leading to extending of one's qualification). E-learning courses can be paid or can be free of charge. Special form of e-learning courses is so-called Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) prepared by renowned universities for general public normally free.

Assambler, an assembly language, is a simple programming language, one of the oldest of its kind. Its code is made of simple instructions, designated for a specific processor. The translating into the machine code is done by translator named assambler. The disadvantage of assambler is its dependency on the particular processor and its non-transferability to another platform. Higher level programming languages have replaced it. Linear programming is a method to achieve the best outcome in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming.

Functional programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data. Many functional programming languages can be viewed as elaborations on the lambda calculus. Another well-known declarative programming paradigm, logic programming, is based on relations. Prominent programming languages that support functional programming such as Common Lisp, Scheme, Clojure, Wolfram Language (also known as Mathematica), Racket, Erlang, OCaml, Haskell, and F# have been used in industrial and commercial applications by a wide variety of organizations. JavaScript, one of the world's most widely distributed languages, has the properties of an untyped functional language, in addition to imperative and object-oriented paradigms. Functional programming is also supported in some domain-specific programming languages like R (statistics), J, K and Q from Kx Systems (financial analysis), XQuery/XSLT (XML), and Opal. Widespread domain-specific declarative languages like SQL and Lex/Yacc use some elements of functional programming, especially in eschewing mutable values. Functional programming is used in development of robots or artificial intelligence.

Object-oriented programming  is a specific way of programming that improved original methods of so called procedural programming. It is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects" which may contain data in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated. Computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another. The most popular languages are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes which typically also determine their type. Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Object Pascal, Java, Python etc.) are multi-paradigm programming languages that support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative, procedural programming. Significant object-oriented languages include Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP, Ruby, Perl, Visual basic etc.

World websites are today the most widely used communication tool. They have a common element which is the HTML language - the basic web site language understandable for web browsers that are translated into the web site format. There are many other languages that supply the basic HTML code and widens a web page with other elements and databases. They involve mainly the style-sheet languages like CSS, RSS, XML, PHP, ASP and so on. Application elements like Java or Adobe Flash are superstructures of these languages. They make start-up of animations, videos and other elements possible.

This leisure-time activity involves all activities that are connected with disseminating information to the public by printing. We are talking about monographes as for the books. Each book has its specific biding type and decoration. It is possible to publish any type of books, e.g. fiction or non-fiction in one's leisure time. They can be books for children or publication of a book for a specific event or anniversary as well (important city anniversaries, historical events, anniversaries of a club). Brochures are published irregularly for a special reason – cognitive and educational brochures, travel brochures, brochures for exhibition purposes and similar are rank among them.

Publication of printed periodicals includes regular publishing of newspapers, magazines (e.g. scientific, social ones), weekly or monthly magazines. Many periodicals are focused on a specific topic. The range of readers is important for the publisher because of the intervals of publishing. Newspapers are published every day, magazines less frequently. We can meet this leisure-time activity in local communities. Periodicals for interest groups are well-known either (e.g. scout magazines).

Publication of electronic periodicals is regularly performed in electronic form usually via the Internet. There are electronic newspapers and magazines. Some periodicals are published in both forms in parallel very often.

This is a leisure-time activity during which the editor is responsible for the technical preparation and content publication of websites. It is word processing and technical adjustments. Activities related to activities concerning community websites, the Internet portals, hobby websites, news servers and media are ranged here. It is not creating content for website which belongs to another activity.

Here belong all activities connected with acquisition and processing of events based on precise information. Integral part of news reporting is not only reporting itself but also an interview, reportage, or inquiry. The information that is transferred to public must be objectively justified, precise, and factual. Not only reporters but also editors, publishers and other members of the news team participate on acquisition and processing of news reporting via media (TV, radio, the Internet).

Typography is a discipline concerned with fonts, its typesetting and text editing. It used to be mainly about typesetting of printed materials, now it is also about the work with fonts and its use on the Internet and graphic arts industry. Typesetting is a text processing according to particular rules of a certain language. The text is to be as much natural as possible so as readers can orient in it easily and they would not get tired of it. There are also rules for computer typesetting of electronic texts (rules for web sites and applications that are different from the typesetting of printed materials. Texts are not long and coherent, web pages often content pictures, schemes, videos, label etc.).

Etymologically, the word philosophy originated from two words: “filein” (love) and “sofia” (wisdom). Therefore, it is the love of wisdom. Philosophy studies the meaning and importance of people and things in the world – it asks what is real. This area of human activity assumes uncertainty and doubt and seeks to find the truth by asking questions and finding answers. Philosophy is a rational and critical search for knowledge; therefore, it often refuses answers that cannot be based on reason. Possible activities include reading philosophical works, discussions and disputes, thinking about the meaning of life and things, etc.

Mythology studies myths, i.e. stories or symbolical narratives that provide answers to questions about life and phenomena people are/were not able to explain. Mythology developed in the same way as religions of various cultures. There is, for example, Egyptian, Greek and Roman mythology. The stories of gods, heroes and the beginning of the world have been preserved to this today. Mythology used to be an integral part of culture, and influenced not only people’s thinking but also art such as sculpture, literature, etc. Possible activities include the study of myths in literature or sources of various cultures, visits to places mentioned in myths, study of facts related to mythology, etc.

The term Eastern philosophy can seem a bit misleading to people who know only Western philosophy. The Orient does not know a precise boundary between religion and philosophy defined by the Enlightenment philosophers of the West. Eastern philosophy does not strictly focus on specific kinds or trends of thinking; it is often perceived as a way of thinking and a lifestyle. Many people in the West focus on Eastern philosophy in their free time without realizing it. Eastern methods are often used without the knowledge of their context (e.g. yoga and meditation) and understood rather from a secular point of view (as a way of exercise or relaxation since the general public does not realize their original spiritual dimension.

The religious dimension is typical for people and cannot be eradicated from their life, even if they are not members of any religious community. The understanding of the concept of religion has changed a lot in the last few decades. In the middle of the 20th century, countries could be divided into Christian, Muslim, Buddhist and other countries, but it is not so common anymore. People in Western societies often deviate from institutionalized religions, at least in their traditional forms. A lot more people believe “there is something above us”, and do not think about what and why. However, religion can still play an important role in leisure time, whether in reading spiritual literature, prayers and worship, spiritual meetings and renewal, or in the family.

Respect can be manifested to other people, institutions and symbols, or – in religion – to  God. In religion, respect is also called worship. Cult refers to a certain concept of the relationship between people and their god that leads to the glorification or worship of something symbolized by the god. In a way, it is a service the man owes to the god, place, sanctuary, etc. Worship in the Catholic Church is called adoration. Biblical religions reject the worship of inanimate objects as idolatry. Religious fetishism originally worshipped inanimate natural or artificial objects, i.e. fetishes with magical qualities. In our relationship to religion, we consciously or unknowingly carry on our own traditions, experience, faith or unbelief, and our prejudices. According to their religion, people can worship God or gods in many different ways according to their faith.

Magic is part of esoteric trends and schools. Magic can be any effort to use what one considers a god or deity, to our services (or) to meet our wishes and psychological needs, often to gain power over someone else. (Bailey, 2017)

Parapsychology studies supersensory phenomena. Parapsychological phenomena include the ability to transmit information and thoughts (telepathy), the ability to move objects (telepathy), and apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions (telegnosis). Sometimes they also include levitation, materialization, more recently also the so-called psychic surgery (operation with bare hands), pyramidology, etc. Exploring these phenomena, often in combination with the UFO research, is typical for the so-called mysticism, a leisure activity, which can be dealt with in a number of clubs, associations, projects, discussions, books, and magazines (Vojtíšek, 2004).

Occultism is a secret discipline dealing with supersensory phenomena that cannot be explained scientifically and that are based on the belief that there are unknown powers we can use and control by magic or secret practices. (Amorth, 2016)

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy exploring the fundamental questions, including the nature of concepts like being, existence, and reality. Topics of metaphysical investigation include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, and existence.

Persons interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books, searching information on the Internet, participating in lectures or seminars.

The doctrine of cognition is called epistemology (previously also gnoseology) and it is a philosophical discipline. It is concerned with the theory of knowledge. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief. The philosophical analysis focuses on the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth, belief, and justification.

The doctrine of human being in its broadest meaning is called anthropology as a philosophical discipline. It is therefore concerned with humans from the philosophical point of view: it asks questions about the meaning of human existence, human identity in the nature and the Universe, the similarity and differences from other creatures and the place of human in the world.

Activities in this category involve reading philosophical books, studying, own philosophical thinking, participating in talks, lectures, seminars or their leading.

Logic is a philosophical discipline concerning human thinking. At first we define so called classical (Aristotle) logic within the scope of logic where the basic concepts are judgments, assigning properties to things and logical arguments that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. The classical logic was appended by propositional logic that is connected with philosophers G. Freg and B. Russel and others at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. Logic got its machinery of maths and it is linked with the set theory thanks to these thinkers. Both the classical and propositional logic are based on the belief that a statement can be true or untrue. There are also non-classical logics which aim is to make it possible to construct different models of logical consequence and logical truth. Other type of logic is fuzzy logic which is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. Leisure-time activities in this category can involve studying, participating in  lectures, seminars or solving logic puzzles and brain-teasers or visiting and solving so called escape rooms.

Ethic is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. People interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books, participating in lectures or seminars. They themselves can organize various awareness-raising events and campaigns for the promotion of a concept of goodness and its consequences in society.

The history of philosophy is a specific discipline seeks to reflection about historical and modern philosophical schools and seeks to deep understanding. Activities in this field in general involve activities in different concepts of the history of philosophy, specific historical ties and following consequences and particular issues of historical concepts for contemporary philosophical discourse. It can be a participation in lectures and seminars concerned with the history of philosophy, self-study  via academic literature or searching for information. They are not such activities which are focused on a specific period of history to which is devoted other activities.

Ancient philosophy is a period between the birth of philosophy in Ancient Greece and the decline of the Roman Empire. This period is considered as key period due to further development of philosophical thinking in Europe and western civilization.

People interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books, studying, participating in lectures or seminars, searching for information in their leisure time. They can also organize awareness-raising events and lectures or publish their own philosophical works.

The period of  medieval and renaissance philosophy dates between the decline of the Roman Empire and the entry of R. Descartes' modern thinking. It is a philosophy constituting the fundamental concepts of state and society in the Middle Ages including social, religious, and ethic norms. In the renaissance period there is the birth of the humanistic-oriented philosophy and the modern turnover in philosophy.

People interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books, studying, participating in lectures or seminars, searching for information in their leisure time. They can also organize awareness-raising events and lectures or publish their own philosophical works.

Modern philosophy is usually defined by the modern turnover in the R. Descartes' works in the second half of the 17th century and the end of the 19th century. It is the period of the birth of modern European culture, new social arrangements, new concepts of states and philosophical ideas of science, the birth of modern natural sciences and the period of industrial revolution. It is also a time of important discoveries overseas and confirmation of the position of colonial powers. The 19th century is the age of struggling for social justice, the birth of the idea of social equality and the idea of the fair share of wealth of society and the birth of constitutional monarchies.

People interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books, studying, participating in lectures or seminars, searching for information in their leisure time. They can also organize awareness-raising events and lectures or publish their own philosophical works.

Philosophy of the 20th and the 21st century is defined by the turnover of modern philosophical allegiances at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century (neo-Kantianism, new ideas of philosophy of science, exclusion of social sciences in the terms of philosophy of science, existentialism, phenomenology, analytical philosophy, and philosophical anthropology). Philosophical reflection also deals with the issues of social injustice. In the field of noetic it leads to the relativism of knowledge and to the birth of the postmodern philosophy and the reflection of a so called post-fact age linked with the information revolution in the first decades of the 21st century.

People interested in these branches of philosophy can widen their knowledge by reading books about the philosophy of the 20th and the 21st century, studying, participating in lectures or seminars, searching for information in their leisure time. They can also organize awareness-raising events and lectures or publish their own philosophical works.

Psychology is a science studying human psyche – the behaviour of people, their thought processes, emotions, deviations, etc. In the 20th century, psychology greatly evolved, and became popular among the general public. Leisure activities in this sub-category are very diverse and ubiquitous. They include psychological tests, efforts to learn more about ourselves, characteristics and abilities, and about other people.

Sociology as a science studies the development of society, social life of individuals or groups. The founder is Auguste Comte. Sociology has involved considerably in the last two centuries. It has been divided into several specific scientific branches. Sociology deals with many topics, e.g. family, culture, politics, social phenomena or processes.

Interests in any other social scientific branch, which has not been mentioned before, belongs to this category.

The sub-category of World history includes a variety of activities related to the history of mankind at all stages of development, from prehistory to contemporary history. Enthusiasts for history can be found in all generations. Their activity depends on the age and focus of the individual. Some people like travelling to monuments and historical sites, reading historical books and magazines, or watching TV shows and documentaries on history. Others like visiting museums and lectures by historians or listening to special radio and TV programmes; some people study the topic more deeply (e.g. by reading the relevant literature, going to clubs, attending lectures, etc.).

Archaeology is one of the most wonderful disciplines we can study in our leisure time. It attracts many people, but they have to follow certain rules, especially when they are in the field. The leisure activities include travelling to major archaeological sites, and other activities such as visiting archaeological exhibitions in museums, reading literature on archaeology, listening to radio or TV shows on archaeology, and looking for archaeological finds, using various equipment, for example, metal detectors.

The sub-category of National and local history includes activities related to the history, culture, economy, language and geography of a certain territory. The scope of these activities is really wide. They can include, for example, visiting important historical monuments, reading books, watching documentaries, visiting museums and exhibitions related to the national history, club memberships, visiting local museums or localities, reading books on the national and local history, etc.

The Bible, or Sacred Scripture, is considered sacred and inspired by God. It is divided into two parts – the Old Testament and the New Testament. It contains a total of sixty-six or seventy-two books (including the deuterocanonical ones). The Old Testament contains a set of books (mostly written in Hebrew) that the Christians took over from Judaism; only some parts were written in Aramaic or Greek. The New Testament is specifically Christian and builds on the Old Testament; it was written in Greek. The Bible is one of the most translated books in the world.

The Old Testament contains the sacred books that the Christians took over from Judaism and are common for both the religions. According to the classical Jewish division (the Council of Jamnia), the Old Testament has three parts: Thora, Prophets, and Writings. In the Christian tradition (the Alexandrian canon), it is generally divided into five books of Moses (Pentateuch), history and prophetic books, and wisdom literature. Pentateuch describes the history of the world since its creation, Moses leading the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt, and the pilgrimage to the Promised Land. Prophetic writings bear the name of the prophets of God’s message. History books tell of historical events, particularly in the period since the arrival to the Promised Land after the Babylonian captivity. Wisdom literature includes more general narratives, educational texts, and songs. The genres of the Old Testament, however, are not usually clearly defined. The range of the biblical canon used by various religions differs. Catholic christians recognize thirty-nine books (+ the seven so-called “late writings”, i.e. the deuterocanonical books). The greater part of the Old Testament was written in Hebrew, the rest was written in Aramaic. The deuterocanonical books were written in Greek.

The New Testament is composed of twenty-seven books written in Greek. The key books include the four Gospels of Matthew, Luke, Mark and John. The Gospels describe Jesus Christ’s birth, life, crucifixion and resurrection. Another key book is the Acts of the Apostles, describing the formation of the Church and its first expansion. The New Testament also includes letters and shorter texts by important personalities of the early church (e.g. Paul, Peter, John, James) addressed to the first Christians and churches and explaining how to follow Jesus Christ and the Christians lifestyle. The final New Testament writing is the Christian apocalypse, the book of Revelation of St. John the Apostle. It is a prophetic book using various images to describe the contemporary and future fate of Christ’s Church.

Apocryphal writings are historical writings from the beginning of Christian literature. They are similar to the biblical writings, but the Church did not agree on their credibility and did not include them in the Bible for various reasons. In some cases, they contradicted Jesus’ teachings, interpreted Christian traditions in different ways, or they had a later origin.

Charitable and social activities are based on the tradition of Christianity, and their aim is to help people in distress or in need. People are often engaged in charitable or social activities on a voluntary basis, in their free time (the sub-category does not include activities undertaken as part of the job). These activities may specifically include the provision of financial or material assistance such as donations of clothing, household items, toiletries and food, or the provision of services such as tutoring, spending time with people in need, assistance with various activities and in difficult situations, etc.

Church service includes meeting people who have a common interest and religion. The course and place of the church service depends on the focus of the group. Catholic worship services have a wider concept than mass. At worship, people meet others from the same group and develop their spiritual life. A supreme form of worship is the holy mass.

Worship is also a specific religious activity. Worshippers change to the image of the worshipped; if they worship God, they want to grow to His image.

Missionary activities involve spreading the faith by missionaries as well as assistance in various areas of life. Volunteers can engage in health, welfare and educational development projects in missions in the spirit of Christian values. Missionary activities, unless they are activities of professional missionaries sent by the Church, are based on a voluntary basis; the participants help people in need on the basis of solidarity and altruism.

Religious education guides children and adults to the faith. It can take place in institutions providing education, leisure clubs, and in the family. Religious education is a specific educational process whose aims and contents are focused on teaching a specific religion. Everyone should have the right to choose their religion, and these activities should be based on a voluntary basis. Catechism, as a specifically Christian form of guidance, is used to develop the faith in individuals or groups of people based, using the Christian message for their current life situation.

Spiritual renewal is time spent in silence. Its purpose is to find and build a relationship to God. It includes lectures, personal meditation, prayers, the holy mass, etc.

Spiritual exercises are a means of spiritual formation. Their purpose is to deepen the spiritual life of the participants. Spiritual exercises are generally led by priests and include mainly prayers, worship, and silence.

The prayer is an act when the man turns to God to open up and be available to Him. People can pray in any life situation.

Sects are religious movements opposing the major tradition they have separated from. The main features of sects include authoritarianism, closeness, fanaticism, and selected information. The unbiased term “new religious movement” is used for groups of newly established religious groups. New religious movements are sometimes referred to as new or alternative religiosity.

In the world, there are about 7,000 languages spoken by more than 7 billion people. Despite this linguistic diversity, everyone has a mother tongue. Most people use the mother tongue in everyday communication from birth until their death, and it is their main means of communication. Therefore, many people care about their mother tongue a lot. Sometimes, the content of communication is more important than its form (e.g. on social media).

The common feature of fiction books is their high artistic value. It distinguishes fiction from academic literature, journalism, and the so-called low literature, i.e. pulp fiction which includes detective novels or romance. In fiction literature, it is often difficult to understand the metaphors and allegories, so it is mostly read by those (Tepper, 2000) who can understand these literary forms and appreciate their high artistic value. According to Hopper’s research (2005), the most common reason for choosing fiction books for teenage readers is the previous knowledge of the author.

Non-fiction includes a wide range of literary genres readers are interested in such as travel books, autobiographies, biographies, letters, diaries, and memoirs. Travel books can be read by geographers and historians and those who want to learn about and understand the history of different countries. Biographies include previously popular biographies of saints and monarchs, or biographies of celebrities and politicians. Non-fiction also includes letters, diaries and memoirs, for example The Diary of Anne Frank. Research suggests there is a strong link between reading in leisure time and academic achievement. (Hughes-Hassell, & Rodge, 2007)

The genre of poetry has always had its readership, although many individuals do not find it easy to approach due to the use of artistic means. Reading poetry includes all genres of poetry – lyrical, epic and lyrical-epic poems.

The disadvantage of poetry is that sometimes the form prevails over the plot. But there are many readers who find a rhymed description of a landscape or person more powerful than lengthy narrative prose. The advantage of poetry is that it mostly has a form of short collections, so even a less enthusiastic reader can start reading it more easily.

It seems that entertainment books and comics are still popular with both children and adults. Books that are read for fun and entertainment include novels, short stories, novellas, myths, legends, but also in comics. The literary genre of comics may take various forms. Comic drawings and sketches are usually accompanied with text and chronologically ordered to create a story. Comic strips are published in newspapers and comic magazines, and comic books or graphic novels are increasingly popular as well.

One may think that this category of literature is written rather for students and scientists, but the opposite is true. With the widespread need for lifelong learning (e.g. MOOC) and focus on active ageing (e.g. universities of the third age), academic literature and textbooks are becoming increasingly important. Thanks to e-publishing, they are also much more available to the public.

The category of academic and popularizing magazines is not only for a narrow group of scientists, but also for readers interested in education. With the invention of the Internet, the category has become even more available and important. Most current publishers sell magazines also in electronic versions on their websites to provide an easy access to technical and scientific information from any natural and social science.

Entertainment and lifestyle magazines include women’s magazines, magazines for special interest groups, hobby magazines, etc. The target group of readers are mainly adults and seniors, but there are also entertainment and lifestyle magazines for children and youth. Readers expect relaxation and entertainment from these magazines. Some people may use them to develop their interests or as members of a particular interest group. The stories about celebrities, “people or characters like us”, sportswomen and sportsmen and musicians are the most popular and read in leisure time. (Hughes-Hassell, & Rodge, 2007)

Reading newspapers is a traditional leisure activity. It is not only a hobby of older generations, as one might expect, but all groups of adults. (Hughes-Hassell, & Rodge, 2007) The form of newspaper distribution has changed and many publishers offer newspapers both in printed and electronic versions. In comparison to traditional newspapers, interactive documents sometimes provide fewer facts and readers have less control over the selection of information. (Tewksbury, & Althaus, 2000)

The activity includes only dailies and weeklies informing about the events of the last week. Other weeklies, biweeklies and etc. are included in the activity 317 Entertainment and lifestyle magazines.

This activity includes prose works with a high artistic value and many other genres (e.g. detective stories, poetic genres, science fiction, romance, etc.). Writing “good” fiction is undoubtedly a challenging task requiring a variety of skills and abilities. Many of these skills can be learnt in creative writing courses. 

Non-fiction deals with contemporary, historical, or scientific topics, i.e. facts. It includes several literary genres such as autobiographies, biographies of various people, travel books, diaries describing the author’s ideas, experiences, feelings and moods, letters, etc., and memoirs.

Writing poetry involves the use of specific literary figures, e.g. rhymes, symbols, etc. Poetry is often about love and nature. Many poems are published in poetry collections. As for the plot, poetry can be divided into lyrical, epic and lyrical-epic poetry.

This activity includes books for both children and youth, and adults. Writing entertainment books and comics includes writing short stories, novels, illustrated books, etc. In comic books, readers pay equal attention to the text and drawings. The genre includes short comic strips (e.g. in magazines or newspapers), comic magazines, comic books, and more.

The genre of academic (or the so-called educational) literature and textbooks includes texts about specific disciplines usually published in book form or magazines. Their authors usually present their findings, based either on a wide range of works by other authors or research to get as accurate information as possible. Writers of academic literature and textbooks use a specific writing style, typical for objectivity, the absence of stylistic and grammatical errors, and so on.

Academic and popularizing articles, like academic literature and textbooks, serve mainly for educational purposes and to present the author’s scientific activities. Scientific articles, usually presented in scientific journals, have the same characteristics like academic literature, for example, pragmatism. Popularizing articles provide the public (children and adults) with findings of all scientific disciplines in an engaging, readable way, although they may include factual errors sometimes.

Authors of entertainment and lifestyle articles usually write to entertain and inform the public, help readers unwind and make them interested, and offer ideas, guidance, advice and recommendations from all areas of human activity and life. Their articles can be found e.g. in lifestyle magazines and columns or in magazines published by various clubs, associations and organizations informing about their past and future events.

This activity includes writing texts for newspapers in leisure time, not as part of a part-time or full-time job. Authors write articles, pieces of news, reports, documentaries and other texts to contribute to newspapers published at various (local, national) levels on a regular basis. Authors who contribute to newspapers and their columns voluntarily and with a passion for the topic. Examples include e.g. articles in local newspapers, news about forthcoming events (concerts, festivals), etc.

This leisure activity enables authors to expresses their opinions on certain issues, (literary) works (of art) and/or inform the public about social events. The activity includes commentaries in newspapers and magazines (hobby magazines, local newspapers, etc.), film and book reviews on websites, opinions on certain issues published in lifestyle magazines, contributions to magazines published by various organizations (e.g. Scout), or news in the form of letters. 

Learning English is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials [Kuppens, 2010]), conversation, and all forms of English language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study (Basoglu,  & Akdemir, 2010).

The Learning of French is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of French language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

Learning Spanish is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of Spanish language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

Learning German is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of German language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

Learning Russian is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of Russian language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

Learning Chinese is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of Chinese language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

This activity may include any language that has not been mention in the above-mentioned leisure activities, and learning foreign languages is understood in its full scope and complexity. Traditionally, it can include various kinds of listening activities (audio, audio-visual materials), conversation, and all forms of foreign language courses attended in leisure time. The activity also includes self-study – either in the form of preparation courses attended in leisure time or self-study.

In this activity, you can find plenty of opportunities for leisure. The most interesting mathematical disciplines include logic and geometry. Many people spend their leisure time solving logical tasks and creating and exploring new and interesting techniques and solutions. (Kilpatrick, Swafford, & Findell, 2001) Geometry, for example, can be used in other disciplines such as Earth science or fine art – some people can create remarkable pieces of art, combining different geometric shapes and forms such as fractals.(Carfi, Lapidus, Pearse, & Van Frankenhuyzen, 2013)

A number of inventions of the modern era came into existence because of someone’s penchant for physics and their perseverance. (De Araújo, De Oliveira, & Nobre, 2017) There have been many physicists – enthusiasts trying to use the laws of physics, or to avoid or mitigate their implications. Let us mention for example, the recent hit – the automatic snow chains, whose inventor was interested in physics and engineering. Physics is also a domain of collectors – who collect computers, radios, and other electrical devices whose development is undergoing rapid transformation these days.

The starry sky has always attracted most people (Vergnas, & Piednoël, 2009), perhaps since the invention of the telescope. Although many an amateur astronomer can buy a telescope today, people still go to observatories and planetariums where they can observe the starry sky with modern instruments and learn about the mysteries of the universe. Those interested in astronomy and space can also watch documentary films and read popular scientific journals – which can even publish their articles.

One has to like chemistry... all the more so because it is about “stinking”, “spluttering” and “exploding” substances. Almost everyone liked chemistry experiments at elementary school. For someone, the fancy experiments became a hobby. (Suay-Matallana, 2016) Chemistry is not only about boring and strange calculations and experiments (Lederman, & Abell, 2014), but also about effects, illusions and entertainment for children and adults – e.g. in scientific centres which are booming almost everywhere in the world. An interest in applied chemistry can lead to the discovery of new chemicals or to a new application of already known chemicals – e.g. in food industry, agricultural industry, manufacturing, etc.

This activity involves many various ones from Earth sciences having interdisciplinary character in many cases. These include the particular discipline-focused activities as mineralogy, geology, or petrology. As for mineralogy, there are activities connected with minerals and gemstones, searching for them outdoors, their analyzing and processing. Minerals collecting has become a popular hobby. Within the scope of geology, many people are interested in structure, composition and a historical development of our planet. It is the structure of the Earth, dynamic processes on Earth like volcanic actions, earthquake, searching for fossils etc. Petrology is not a common hobby. The development of rocks is much more interesting. Many amateur geologists and photographers are occupied with rock shapes and processes which made them, they examine their age, search for the reasons which influenced their changes, analyze their sediments and fossils presented in rocks and research their coming into existence and so on. A special group makes mineral resources seekers (like oil, natural gas, and coal).

Geography can be divided into two basic parts: physical geography, which examines natural landscape and its spatial dimension (e.g. the relief shape, atmosphere), and human geography, which deals with the spatial dimension of human activity (transport, migration, etc.). Both disciplines are combined in cartography which transforms their findings into maps. Historically, maps were created mainly for military purposes (in the ancient Rome, under Joseph II). Today, historical maps are a valuable source of information about the transformation of the landscape and settlement structures. The format of maps has changed and today, the primary source of maps is the Internet – one of the most important disciplines is geo-informatics (Leslie et al. 2007). Modern resources are used for mapping (photography and video recordings of the landscape, drones [Birtchnell, & Gibson, 2015] for mapping poorly accessible locations, etc.) and landscape mapping is now open to the general public.

Technology clubs provide a wide range of activities associated with the use and improvement of technology. Technology clubs are usually organized according to level of knowledge and skills of the participants (beginner, advanced, etc.). The activities include the use of various technologies (e.g., hand tools and devices, etc.), work with materials, handicrafts, etc. (Goodman, & Rosner, 2011) Some technical clubs also focus on the construction and programming of robots, excursions to museums, participation in competitions, and/or technology summer camps.

Electronics clubs organize activities associated with electronics and radio operating (Haring, 2007; Hsiao, Chang, Lin, & Hu, 2014), including electric devices and instruments. The form of the activities may vary; they may include production of electricity, construction of electric devices or work with diagrams, interconnecting circuits, etc., and the use of electrical technology (e.g. in communication, navigation, etc.), excursions to museums and exhibitions, participation in competitions, and more.

This activity includes a wide range of machines designed for specific use. The activities are related to simple machine and electromechanical machines, repairs, modification and use of the machines – i.e. simple machines (e.g. a lever, inclined plane, pulley, etc.), energetic machines (engines, electrical devices such as transformers [Steiner, Deplazes, & Stemmler, 2000], electric vehicle [Hadji-Minaglou, & Henneberger, 1999], generators, etc.), transportation machines (for transporting passengers or cargo), and production machines (e.g. machine tools).

The maintenance of cars and motorcycles includes all activities associated with maintaining the operational state of these means of transport and/or repairs in case of failure. The activities also include control and inspection, as well as various improvements for better security. The activity of Car and motorcycle maintenance also includes immediate repairs after failure, preventive inspection, detection of possible failures and problems in the functioning of cars and motorcycles (replacement of fluids, inspection of electrical installations, MOT inspection), ongoing maintenance (e.g. exchange of tires or brake pads and other components), and maintenance of the car and motorcycle design. This activity does not include the care of classic cars, classified under number 386. 

Cruising is a very popular leisure activity of all people, regardless of age or gender. Cruising includes all activities distinguished from regular driving by the recreational nature of riding a motorcycle or driving a car. These activities are diverse. They include one-day trips (of an individual or in a group), longer sightseeing trips, recreational trips or trips to the nature, and cultural, social and tourist activities organized by car drivers and motorcycle riders. This activity does not include the care of classic cars, classified under number 386. 

The activity of Aviation and astronautics includes all activities associated with flying air planes, helicopters, space aircraft and ships. The activities also include flying balloons, airships, ultralight planes, etc. (Wang, 2003) Activities related to aviation and astronautics can take various forms: they may be also related to safety or engineering and technologies used in aviation and astronautics, e.g. flight operations and air traffic management, technical services, aerospace industry, all kinds of aviation activities associated with work at the airport, and meteorology. As for astronautics, the activities include studying the possibilities and purposes of flying to the space (Reddy, Nica, & Wilkes, 2012), exploration of celestial bodies and the outer space, astronautics technologies, computing and data processing in astronautics. Last, but not least, this activity also includes educational activities.

Nature conservation focuses on several areas, including the protection of animals. Its aim is to improve living conditions and mitigate the suffering of animals in the wild or in captivity. Another area of conservation focuses on the environment (Ying, 2003), whether it is about preserving undamaged areas or preventing pollution.

Botany is a natural science in the category of biological sciences. It studies plants and everything about them. All activities related to botany can be divided according to different specialized disciplines. The disciplines include plant morphology (external structure of plants)  and anatomy (internal structure of plants), physiology (investigation of plant life processes), cytology (investigation of cells), etc. In leisure time, people can study for example, the relationships between plants and the structure and use of plants, e.g. in medicine or agriculture.

Zoology is a natural science in the category of biological sciences, and it studies animals. All activities related to zoology can be divided according to different specialized disciplines. The disciplines include animal morphology and anatomy, physiology, ethology, etc. It does not include, however, any form of animal husbandry/farming (these activities belong to other ones, such 456 Animal husbandry/Farming, 470 Animal care, 471 Pet care, 472 Care for animals in shelters, 473 Care for wild animals).

Fossils are the remains of prehistoric organisms that have survived to the present and meet the defined criteria. They are a tangible evidence of life on our planet in the geological past. This activity includes all activities related to leisure collecting, archiving and management of fossils.

Members of science clubs and groups gain not only theoretical knowledge but also practical skills. They can learn about nature in general, or they can also specialize in a particular area of science, such as zoology, a particular species of animals, plants, etc.

Medical activities include a wide range of leisure activities. Small children learn the basic medical methods and skills at school or scout camps. The general public can learn about and practise the first aid methods in medical courses led by experiential pedagogues. A number of organisations, e.g. volunteer firemen, organize medical activities as part of their programmes.

Technology, equipment and materials in agriculture is a wide activity. It includes the latest technologies that help streamline work in agriculture, such as agricultural machinery and equipment (mowers, seeders, fertilizer applicators, etc.), techniques used in growing plant species, and other facilities necessary for agriculture (working tools, fertilizers, plant protection products, storage equipment, packaging, raw materials).

This part is an integral one of agriculture. It includes activities that prevent damage to plants caused by pests and diseases. The area of (plant) diseases is extensive. Some of them may be caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria, etc. Plants may also be damaged by weather conditions or the quality of the soil. Pests eat plants for food or they parasitize on them. Timely identification and (biological or chemical) destruction is necessary to combat pests. Plant diseases and pests can be often avoided by preventive interventions.

This activity includes growing field crops. Care and especially the harvest of crops have its specifics and rules that depend on the plant species. Forest fruit includes mushrooms, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries and elderberries, often picked by forest visitors. Both the above mentioned leisure activities have a long tradition, and they are still popular.

This leisure activity is often time-consuming. Fruit growers (orchardists, gardeners) grow fruit trees and shrubs to produce fruit in orchards. Planting trees in orchards have their specifics and many functions (aesthetic, decorative, or recreational). Orchards often have the form of ornamental parks. Forestry includes numerous leisure activities as well such as protection and enhancement of forests, protection of forest land, timber production, monitoring the technologies used in the forest, etc.

The activity of Garden plants includes all plants or crops grown for benefit. People use specific procedures to cultivate various crops. They mostly grow fruit and vegetables, root crops, pulse crops, medicinal plants, mushrooms, spices, and other useful plants. Ornamental plants and trees, attractive in appearance, are a special kind of crops as well. Gardening as a leisure activity usually takes place in gardens and orchards. For many people, gardening is a leisure and relaxation activity. Given the tradition of gardening, there are many clubs and interest associations. 

Keeping animals is a leisure activity from two perspectives: it provides either an economic benefit – such as animal products (milk, meat, fur, etc.) or work (e.g. draft animals) – or an emotional benefit. However, breeding animals as companions and pets belongs to the activity of Pet care, 471. In farming, it is always important to follow certain rules both in feeding and hygiene and disease prevention. The list of kept animals and birds would be very long – people can breed almost any water and land animals from all corners of the planet.            

In production of milk and dairy such as cheese, yoghurt, cottage cheese, whey and butter, one has to follow specific procedures and rules. Production of milk involves milking, filtration, pasteurization and other ways of treating milk which are necessary for health safety. This leisure activity asks for special equipment for the production of milk and dairy. Since no part of the preparation can be omitted, the process needs time. Milk of various animals, e.g. sheep, cows, goats, llamas, etc., can be produced.

Insect farming is a very specific human activity. People keep insect which ultimately benefits the whole population in terms of eco-friendly and economic production. In this context, we have to pay attention to the loss of agricultural land and population growth – we may need new sources of food very soon. Insect farming includes bee-keeping. Bee-keeping includes care for bee colonies and creating favourable conditions for the life of bees. Bee-keepers provide good conditions for reproduction, disease treatment and prevention of diseases and pests, feeding and processing of bee products.

In these leisure activities, individuals exercise their relationship to nature. Game keeping includes activities in game keeping clubs, game keeping, and hunting and environment protection. Hunters must observe the law and they may hunt for a variety of purposes, e.g. animal capture, for sport and recreational purposes, reduction of game, for the sale of game products, and for food. Fishing is a hobby of many people of all ages. Many fishing techniques are used, e.g. fly fishing or line fishing. All the above-mentioned activities require certain skills.

Food and beverages are essential parts of our life. The activity of Preparation and preservation of food and beverages includes activities related to the preparation of dishes. A lot of people spend their leisure time preserving food, such as pickles, jams, chutneys, etc.

At present, there are many dietary styles such as vegetarianism, veganism, frutarianism, gluten free diet, diet, lactose free diet, diets eliminating specific food that cause allergic reactions, etc. Preparation and preservation of food and beverages also includes preparation of various dietary styles, provided that such preparation is considered a leisure time activity.

Gastronomy (or culinary art) deals with preparing, serving and eating dishes. The aim of gastronomy is to create sophisticated experiences. Currently, gastronomy is very popular with people of all ages. They can attend various classes or devote their time to culinary art at home.

Different people have different demands for housing and household equipment. Some like to be surrounded by things, others prefer minimalism – it depends on the taste and finances of the individual and on how much energy they want to spend on their housing and household equipment. The activity includes leisure activities related to improving and renovating home – to create a comfortable and pleasant environment.

Sewing and knitting are kinds of manual work. Various materials are processed in hand sewing or with a sewing machine. In knitting, one can use needles or a knitting machine. Sewing and knitting are used to manufacture new products and/or adjust clothes and accessories. Both activities also develop creativity and skills. The activity includes ones related to sewing and knitting, and various courses and extracurricular clubs for children and adults.

For many people, cleaning a popular leisure activity. This activity includes activities related to cleaning, in particular, the care of various surfaces (hoovering, mopping, dusting, polishing, etc.), sanitary equipment and ceramics and clothing and footwear care (washing, ironing, cleaning), and cleaning and sorting of clothing and footwear, etc.

Childcare and home care in general is a very beneficial leisure activity. Caregivers work on a voluntary basis in their leisure time and free of charge. They can take care of family members (siblings) or strangers. Both the parties agree on the content and scope of care which may include babysitting, cleaning, cooking, assisting in hygiene, and other activities.

Pet care is a very common hobby. People buy various animals to make their everyday life more interesting. This activity is related to all kinds of animals and the necessary, proper and above-standard care for animals. Animal keepers take care mainly of the good health and other needs of the animal. The activity does not include animal husbandry/farming.

This activity is about selfless and free care of animals in animal shelters. Some people take part in running the facility; others look for new owners, buy food or walk the animals, take care of the equipment, etc. The leisure activity does not include any professional activities in this area such as bird rescue stations, etc.

Care for wild animals is different from pet care and care for animals in animal shelters. Animals in nature are wild and not interested in the presence of man. That is why this activity includes creating and maintaining the best possible conditions for their life (Clark, & Nwokah, 2010) such as providing them with food, especially in winter, or building feeders or feeding-racks. Other activities include detection of animals or birds (e.g. ornithological research, counting birds, etc.) to ensure their good health or vaccination.

Craftsmanship is a leisure activity in all areas of human activity one needs a certain manual dexterity, including intellectual skills. It includes all sorts of manual work using tools, equipment and materials intended for the activity. Craftsmanship depends on the material used (stone, wood, metal, etc.) – it includes wood production and cabinetmaking (joinery, manufacture and repair  of musical instruments, production of furniture), work with metals (e.g. locksmithing, blacksmithing, foundry industry) or work in construction (masonry, plumbing, carpentry, chimney sweeping, painting and decorating, etc.).

DIY includes a wide range of leisure activities related to repair, modification and improvement of the environment and dwellings. The activities take place outdoor or indoor, and they may include construction and reconstruction (reconstruction of housing, replacement of windows and doors, brickwork, plastering, floors, roofs, balconies, façades, insulation, etc.), household work (repair and restoration of the interior, kitchens, bathrooms, rooms, furniture and storage spaces, decoration, etc.), work in gardens (garden facilities, tools and equipment, swimming pools, etc.), and work in workshops (tools, tool maintenance, etc.).

Equipment production and repair is a complex activity. It includes manufacturing, repair and installation of electrical devices (e.g. switches, fuses, regulators, etc.), manufacture and repair of accumulators and batteries, household electrical appliances (including revisions and controls), as well as production of consumer electronics devices, and apparatuses for broadcasting, transmission and reception of information – such as telecommunications devices, equipment for television and radio broadcasting, repairs and unlocking of mobile phones, and more.

Modellers spend their leisure time building 3D models according to their imagination or real existing objects, such as buildings (houses), transport equipment (ships, trains), and machines. They can build paper models, plastic models, slot car tracks, rail models, or models of vehicles controlled by radio signal.

The activity of classic cars and motorcycles is very specific. Classic cars and motorcycles must meet certain requirements (the age, MOT). Leisure activities in this activity include renovation of bodywork, chassis, engines, upholstery and other parts of classic cars and motorcycles, complete repairs of cars and/or repairs of car parts. Owners of classic cars and motorcycles are often members of clubs and associations, organizing a variety of events with accompanying programmes (e.g. car races, swap meets, exhibitions, reunions, rides etc.).

The activity of house/flat care and general maintenance includes activities of all kinds such as the care and maintenance of roofs (gutters and  roof parts), wooden elements (garden furniture, fences, and wooden windows), metallic elements (railings), façades, hinges and fittings, technical equipment – gas equipment, chimneys, and more. It also includes the care and maintenance of swimming pools, garden ponds and other facilities, including the equipment to ensure their operation. Maintenance does not include cleaning, which is a special activity 468.

All these institutions collect artistic and other artificial objects. They may be visited by both art admirers and a wide professional public (archaeologists, art theorists, curators of exhibitions, etc.). Galleries concentrate mainly on paintings and sculptures, and organize both permanent and time-limited exhibitions. These are usually launched at vernissages where the authors might present their work. In museums, exhibits are divided into various exhibitions and depositories. There are museums with a general focus and special museums, such as historical museums or museums of natural science, art museums, and specific museums, e.g. museums of cars or electrical engineering.

Music and dance performances are becoming more and more popular. Thanks to the media and social networks, music and dance are more accessible, and people look for even more impressive cultural experiences and a direct contact with the artists they usually see on the Internet or watch on TV. Today, everyone can choose from a great number of classical, jazz and popular concerts, musicals, dance performances, etc.

Drama has its roots deep in the past, but it still attracts many spectators even today, whether it is a play, opera, operetta or musical. People may go to see dramas written by classic authors and played in theatres for dozens or even hundreds of years, or modern plays and modern versions of classic works. There are professional and small amateur theatres.

Watching films is a common hobby today. This activity includes watching films at home, or going to the cinemas and multiplex cinema complexes offering more film titles. Multiplex cinemas are equipped with the latest technologies. Viewers can watch films with high-quality sound in HD, classical films, or films made with the 3D technology.

The category of other cultural events includes various kinds of music and film festivals whose aim is not only to present new films or music performances, but also promote new artists – bands, singers, directors, screenwriters, etc. At the festivals, visitors have the opportunity to meet the artists they usually watch on TV or follow on social media. They can also meet a community of people and fans who share the same aesthetics or a similar lifestyle.

At present, there are so many art techniques that one person cannot know and use all of them. That is why art activities are not organized only by professional educators – there are a number of courses and workshops taught by people who systematically work with certain art techniques. This activity includes the management of any artistic activities for different target groups such as painting or drawing (portraits, landscapes, still life, etc.), work with textile materials, creative work with natural materials, work with a variety of artistic techniques (e.g. Tiffany), etc.

There are many kinds of music ensembles. Some of them are large, such as orchestras, jazz big bands, choirs, folklore ensemble, etc., and led by their conductors or choirmasters. But there are also many smaller ensembles (brass, dulcimer, folk, rock and school bands) led, for example, by the band leaders or front men. Conductors, choirmasters and bandmasters help their ensembles with the production and interpretation of musical works.

Drama education works with the means of the theatrical arts. The management of drama activities involves the production of various works and supports the interest in the mother tongue, literature and poetry. Drama activities can be divided according to different stage forms. They include, for example, drama, musical performances (operas, operettas, musicals), and puppet shows. There are also special forms of drama activities, e.g. the so-called popular theatre based on the dramatic elements of popular culture – such as folklore customs and ceremonies, legends, customs related to the seasons of the year and festivals (Carnival, Christmas, St. Nicholas Day, Easter, etc.).

Dance is an art that uses various means of expression to convey movement. The management of dance groups and individuals involves teaching the right mobility habits, skills and dance techniques. The activity includes the management of individual dancers, dance couples, and dance groups. Ballroom dancing includes the so-called standard dances, typical for their tight posture and formal clothing (e.g. waltz, foxtrot, etc.), and Latin-American dances, where the posture is more relaxed and the clothing adapted to express the essence of the dance (jive, samba).

Drawing is an artistic expression based on placing points, lines and shading on a surface – usually a sheet of paper. People draw with thin tools such as pencils, ink, pens, or crayons. The content of their drawings is varied; for example, they can capture their specific perception of the world. Drawing may be also used as the first phase of painting.

Painting is an artistic expression based on placing layers of paint on a surface – usually paper or a canvas. For painting, people use primarily acrylic paints, tempera, watercolours, oil paints and brushes, fingers, sponges, spatula, and other tools. The technique of dry pastel is somewhere between drawing and painting.

Fashion jewellery (bijou) and original jewellery (gems) are used to decorate the human body and clothing. The definition of these two concepts is not clear, but in most cases, bijou includes pieces of jewellery made from cheaper components, and original jewellery is made from more expensive items. A key requirement is the durability and ruggedness of the jewel. The advantage of fashion jewellery is that it is affordable and it can quickly respond to fashion trends. People can design and make jewellery either on their own, or in various courses or interest clubs.

Decorative arts have an aesthetic role and include all decorative objects. Decorative arts are applied in (interior) design and decoration, furniture, articles of daily use, and architecture. For these purposes, different materials, such as metal, wood, glass, stone or ceramics, are used. The aim of interior decorations is to add an aesthetic value to the interior; however, decoration is not only an ornament but a functional object. Interior decorations include paintings, vases, solitaires, flowers, and much more. This activity does not include textile art and decoration (represented in the activity 416). People interested in interior decoration can attend courses and clubs or they can design decorations on their own.

The core of textile art is design and manual or machine processing of textile materials (cotton, silk, synthetic fibres, wool, etc.) using different techniques (sewing, embroidery, weaving, knitting, crochet, etc.) This activity is diverse, and every individual can choose a different trend to follow. They may, for example, focus on the production of clothing and personal accessories. The activity does not include creating accessories for interiors (the activity 415). Textile art has a both functional and aesthetic character. People can practise textile art either on their own, or they can attend various courses and clubs.

Glass is a usually used for decoration. It is also a production material for fashion and original jewellery (described in the activity 413). Glass can also be used to create decorative objects for the interior or functional and aesthetic objects (for example, vases, bowls, glasses, etc.). People who want to work with glass need the right training and conditions. Both are provided by various associations organizing leisure time courses and interest clubs.

Today, graphic design includes free graphic art, applied graphic design for practical purposes (New Year greeting cards, wedding announcements, posters, invitations, business cards), reproductive graphic design (used before the invention of photography to copy works by great masters), and decorative graphic design (published side by side with literary texts, e.g. book illustrations).

Lithography is a kind of planographic printing. It uses an image drawn with oil, fat or waxes onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic. The blank spaces on the plate are moistened to accurately transfer the text. Relief and engraving are techniques of intaglio printing. The engraved relief is then printed on paper. Etching is similar to lithography, but the picture is drawn on a copper plate treated with protective wax. Then the plate is soaked in acid which etches the empty places to create the image designed by the graphic artist. Then the work is printed by a professional printing workshop.

Photography uses light to capture images on a light sensitive analogue or digital material. Then the material is exposed to light. Photographers can make photos in various resolutions. In the past, photography was used only in art and film production. Today, photography is widespread, and many amateur photographers exhibit their work not only on the Internet but also at private exhibitions.

Holography is used to capture the spatial structure of an object. It allows creating 3D images on 2D surfaces. Pressed rainbow holograms are used as protective elements, e.g. on banknotes, personal documents, etc. The advantage of holography is that, unlike other protective elements, holograms can be seen in daylight. Today, holography is also used in visual arts.

At present, photography is primarily a means of mass communication. Digital images can be rapidly shared, and thanks to the invention of cameras on mobile devices, the Internet and social networks, they are used to transmit information in real time from places that are hundreds of even thousands of miles away. That is why digital photography is used in the news, transport, map systems, etc. Digital photography also plays an important role in science, for example, in medicine, and natural and technological sciences, etc.

Film production includes many activities. It begins with the creation of a draft, writing the scenario and creating the conditions for making of the film, including the cast. But actors are not the most important people in the film; the main creator is the director who is responsible for the final version of the film and directs the actors and the crew. During the shooting, key roles are played by cameramen who record the scenes, editors, composers and other members of the crew. For demanding scenes, actors are replaced with stuntmen; sound effects are created by sound designers, etc. When the film is finished, marketing and promotion play are important, too. Thanks to the development of digitalization and the availability of cameras and software, film production has become a popular leisure activity.

The development of computers in the 1980s led to the development of computer art, including computer music, fine art and films. Digital techniques have brought new dimensions to creativity. While the use of computers has caused a great breakthrough in film production, computer creation and processing of music has enabled artists and composers to create interesting sound effects. Other examples of computer art include visual effects, computer music, music created with algorithmic compositions, visual art created with algorithmized processes, etc.

This activity includes all ones related to the history of architecture such as visiting major architectural monuments and buildings, watching TV programmes and reading books and magazines about architecture, going to awareness-raising events (e.g. lectures by architects), visiting websites on architecture, and other activities related to architectural technologies and products in construction or design.

Architecture is a comprehensive building art. It includes both built objects, buildings and other spaces, and artistic concepts and designs of the buildings. The activity includes building itself, as well as the arrangement and design of buildings and objects. Landscape architecture and interior architecture seem to be most popular among the general public. Architecture also deals with the usefulness and purpose of the building, used building materials, shapes, and the design of the interior and exterior, as well as the space arrangement. 

This activity includes all activities related to the history of sculpture, such as reading books and magazines on the history of sculpture (e.g. used procedures and materials, sculpture objects, etc.) and sculptors, visiting museums and exhibitions, visiting major sculptural monuments, and visiting lectures by sculptors and artists. 

Sculpture is a specific activity: sculptors work with a variety of materials (e.g., clay, wood, metals) and use techniques suitable for the material, theme or function. Sculptors create, for example, 3D statues, sculptures, reliefs, etc. Their artworks can convey a wide variety of themes, for example, historical, natural, human and animal themes, etc.

Wood carving as a leisure activity includes traditional crafts and a variety of styles. Wood carver use many tools such as chisels, mallets, joiner’s tools including electric devices, etc., and a variety of work procedures and techniques. The work procedures include cutting, drilling, jointing, cut-outs, applications, wood engraving, carving inscriptions and 3D objects, and more. Since the wood surface needs to be processed, wood carving includes various techniques to finish the surface, such as painting, sanding with sandpaper, coating the surface with linseed oil, etc. (Denning, 2013) Wood carved products include decorative interior objects, furniture, toys, jewellery, statuettes, and many others.

The leisure activity of numismatics and sphragistics is an auxiliary historical science and includes all activities related to studying the means of payment (particularly coins) and seals, their forms and functions in the history of mankind, and collecting coins and seals, reading academic literature, examining the coins with the help of specific tools, visiting auctions and exhibitions, providing consulting services and advice, etc.

People have known ceramics since a long time ago and we can see it everywhere. Ceramics can be used, for example, as decorative objects and utensils in households, in construction (lining material, sanitary ware, roofing, etc.), and sculpture and manufacture of other objects. Nowadays, ceramics is very popular as an organised and free leisure activity, but craftsmen and artists work with ceramics, too.

Solo singing is the most natural manifestation of musicality and allows the individual to show their vocal control. When learning compositions and songs, it is necessary to use the voice properly, breathe efficiently, articulate precisely, and combine the individual voice, resonance, intonation and the sense of melody and rhythm. The acquired and developed skills are used in performances.

Public solo singing of sacred music is the only activity defined by genre. It includes singing sacred music on many different occasions. The activity has been included in the catalogue of leisure activities because solo singing of sacred music often goes beyond the interpretation of music and reflects the spiritual needs and values of the individual. This activity involves solo singing of music composed and performed for spiritual purposes, for example, liturgical music. It does not, however, include world music.

Choirs can be divided according to various criteria. There are children’s, men’s, women’s and mixed choirs, and choirs established for specific purposes. Choir members learn to control their voices, breathe efficiently, articulate precisely, and combine their individual voices and resonance. All acquired skills are used in performance.

Choral singing of sacred music is the only activity defined by genre. It includes singing sacred music on different occasions. The activity has been included in the catalogue of leisure activities because singing of sacred music often goes beyond the interpretation of music and takes into account the spiritual needs and values of the individual. This activity involves choral singing of music composed and performed for spiritual purposes, for example liturgical music. It does not, however, include world music.

In solo singing, the singer has plenty of time and opportunity to think about the interpretation of the various works, find their voice, learn to use it properly, breathe efficiently, articulate precisely, and combine their individual voice and resonance. Clear intonation, melody and rhythm are the most important.

The piano is both a stringed and keyboard instrument. The keyboard is an electric musical instrument, related to the piano, which can use an audio index and other options such as adjusting the volume, tempo, etc. It is often preferred due to its smaller form factor and lower costs. The piano and keyboard are played by people of all age categories, from children to senior citizens. The activity also includes practice, technique drills, etc.

The guitar is a plucked stringed instrument (the so-called chordofon), originally from Spain. Due to the greater number of strings (usually six or twelve), it can be played in unison and in a polyphonic way. Since the guitar sound is not created with human breath, playing this instrument can be accompanied by singing. The facts that the guitar is a portable instrument, playing it is quite easy (especially the chords) and guitar players can also sing make it very popular with the general public, in particular children and the youth. Unlike other instruments, the guitar does not require a profound knowledge of music theory, and the basic playing techniques are not difficult. In comparison with the classical and acoustic guitar, the electric guitar is a more challenging instrument because it also requires the skill to use other electronic accessories.

Stringed instruments include not only the piano, but also bowed instruments (the violin, viola, cello, double bass), and plucked instruments (the lute, mandolin, harp, banjo). Stringed instruments make tones by drawing the bow (treated with special resin, the so-called colophony) across the strings; plucked instruments produce sound by striking the strings with fingers or a plectrum. Stringed instruments are used in orchestras and folk (folklore) music all over the world. Many of them come from different folklore cultures: the balalaika is a Russian instrument; the ukulele comes from Hawaii; the cimbalom (dulcimer) comes from Asia and has its firm place in the folklore music of the Balkans and Central Europe.

These instruments produce sound electrically. The activity includes the electronic organ, synthesizers, and the Hammond organ. Unlike traditional musical instruments, electrophones can be used by technically experienced individuals who would not otherwise play any musical instrument, but are interested in the technical details and editing options of these devices.

There are many types of flutes, such as recorders, the transverse flute, ocarina, and Pan flute. They are usually made from wood, noble metals or ceramics. Recorders are the most popular flutes, and they are divided by their range (into alto, soprano, tenor and bass flutes). The advantage of the recorder is its relatively small size and weight, and low costs. That is why the soprano recorder is one of the first musical instruments children of preschool or younger school age start to play.

There are two groups of wind instruments – wooden and brass instruments. Wooden instruments include the bassoon, oboe and clarinet. Their common feature is that they are made from high quality dark fine wood (usually ebony, rosewood, grenadilla wood, rosewood). Brass instruments include trumpets, trombones, French horns, flugelhorns, and tubas. Most wind instruments can be controlled by breath.

Percussion instruments belong to the group of the so-called idiophones and membranophones. They include, for example, castanets, the triangle, xylophone, gong, bells, jingle bells, drums, timpani, and tambourines. Playing percussion instruments has its origins in the prehistoric and ancient cultures of the oldest civilizations. Today these instruments are used in modern music as well. They are also suitable for beginning musicians mainly because playing these instruments does not require extensive knowledge of music theory. However, drummers must have a sense of rhythm.

Ensemble music is played by large orchestras or smaller ensembles (chamber music, musical bands, etc.). It is more demanding because it requires the co-operation of all players who need to respect the dynamics, rhythm, pace, etc. Most people become members of music ensembles either as students of music schools or in their leisure time (members of folklore ensembles).

This activity includes a wide range of leisure activities associated with individual listening to music. People prefer many different musical styles, genres, and forms of listening. Some people listen to their favourite radio stations; others prefer listening to music media such as CDs, records, audio cassettes, etc. Many different devices have been designed for listening to music (in addition to the radio, there are MP3 players, mobile phones, etc.).

Listening to music can be an independent leisure activity or part of any activity you can imagine, such as relaxation, sports, hiking, housework, etc. However, to include such listening to this activity, the other activities should be only secondary. Therefore, the activity does not include situations where people listen to background music while doing something else.

Music production includes any activities associated with the production of any forms of musical art, such as composing music for a variety of purposes (film soundtrack, songs, incidental music, jingles, radio spots, and more). The activity also includes author projects and recording. An example of a recording activity is co-operation with bands, solo singers, etc. The activity of music production also includes sound system installations for social events (concerts, cultural shows, etc.).

The activity of music theory includes any ones that help people better understand music and enhance their knowledge of musical genres. They can study, for example, the history of music, instruments and musical forms, and various genres and styles. Music theory also includes information about various scales, intervals, and chords. Theory is then followed by practical exercises focusing on listening, intonation and rhythm. 

Recitation is declamation or presentation of words. It is performed by a reciter, i.e. a person who uses oral presentation to express the ideas of the chosen text. During recitation, it is necessary to take into account the voice, breath, pronunciation, the optical support of the speech, e.g. facial expressions and gestures, as well as the pace, the reciter’s behaviour, and the form and length of the presentation.

Drama is characterized by the plot. Most plays have several acts, scenes and number, and they were originally written for the stage. The basic genres of drama are the comedy and tragedy. Key elements of any dramatic performance are monologues and/or dialogues. Members of amateur theatre companies and drama clubs learn to pronounce words clearly and distinctly, move on stage, and control their nervousness.

Folklore ensembles are usually related to the culture of the specific region which is reflected, among other things, in folklore dances. Folklore dancers wear typical dance clothes (often local costumes), and the folklore music and dance reflect local customs, traditions and literature. Members of folklore ensembles are mostly people who either come from the region or have a relationship to the local culture and want to keep preserve it for future generations.

Listening to music or radio has currently become a common activity and people cannot imagine their lives without it. Music is played from a car radio, in a department store, at the hairdresser’s, or in a garage. The aim is not to listen to a particular song but making a sound in the background. People are not used to be in silence which makes them distracted and has a negative effect on their psyche. On the contrary, people need at least minimum sound that causes feelings of satisfaction and safety.

Contemporary TV program offers tens of TV stations broadcasting nonstop. If we want to watch it, we can turn on TV during cooking, ironing, traveling by car etc. The aim is not to watch a particular program but to shorten one’s time in the process of doing an activity which is not amusing or is boring. It can make a scenery in restaurants where customers can for example watch football match.

Sexual activities are all activities which are connected with an individual’s sex life. (Berdychevsky, & Nimrod, 2017; Penhollow, Marx, & Young, 2010) Individuals can do them alone, with another same-gender or opposite-gender person. We can put activities connected with searching for a partner, intercourse, self-satisfactory activities and other forms of sex. We cannot forget group sex and other sexual practices related to role shifting or violation of the norms. Individuals use some special aids.

Meeting with one’s partner involves many activities which two persons experience with each other. (Sprecher, & Regan, 2002) The form of meetings varies according to the partners’ interests and wishes. (Zimmer-Gembeck, 2002) They often go into society when partners go to see a movie, to the theater, museum, or a sport match. The meetings can take place at cafes or in private. It is very important to evaluate the purpose of the meeting. (Tuggle, Kerpelman, & Pittman, 2016) If it is for example a cultural event, it is not a meeting with one’s partner in the true sense since the aim is the cultural show. Otherwise, this is a date whose supplement is a particular activity or maybe a cultural event too.

This activity involves all activities related to (mental) care and appearance of a person. It provides endless varieties in men, women in all age classes. This kind of activities is usually regularly repeated according to the individual’s needs. They can be performed both at home or at some specialist’s place. Care about appearance involves hair care, beard care, cosmetics, clothing, adequate sleep etc. We cannot forget the masseur’s service, solariums, or gyms. As for mental care, we can name taking an individual or group therapy sessions, psychological consultations, activation, and support services.

Every individual spends a certain part of his or her life shopping. Shopping as a leisuretime activity offers purchasing all kinds of goods. It is possible to buy thinks at brick-and-mortar stores or on the Internet. The range of products is not limited at all. The shopping experience is enhanced by shopping with friends with all accompanying activities like sitting in a coffee shop. This activity also involves travel for shopping trips both within one country or within other states. Most of which are seasonal sales or discounts and promotions like Black Friday.

Lounging is an activity when an individual does not use enough his / her full potential or skills for any activity, does not feel like doing or planning anything. It is an activity when a person gathers force for other activities and does not engage any greater physical or mental activity. Lounging has many forms (watching TV, listening to music, lying on a couch, sleeping…) and it is not an intentional and interesting activity from the perspective of the lounging person.

This activity involves a wide range of leisuretime activities that break down both physical and mental tension. Relaxation techniques have various forms. A person can relax mentally, physically, or can combine these types of relaxation: exercising using imagination, physical activities to relax the whole body or any of its parts, breathing exercises etc. This can practice adults, seniors as well as children. The relaxation technique must be adjusted to every individual according to his / her needs.

During these activities individuals present themselves in a way so as other people perceive them as they desire. They often underline their qualities, knowledge, or skills to make a good impression. The forms of this activity vary a lot: pointing out one’s success and shortcomings, exemplary behavior, trying to be popular due to their opinions… A self-presentation activity can be negative when a person intimidates others. Nowadays self-presentation activities are easier thanks to cellphones, webcams, social networks, and applications by which the pictures spread immediately among people.

A part-time job is a short-time or one-time job serving for making money and for getting experiences. Part-time jobs bring lots of benefits. We can name especially respecting a particular regime which is a suitable training for the future occupation. If young people work in part-time jobs in the field of their study, they can make important contacts and get a job in the given organization after finishing their studies. A part-time job is a means of self-realization and helps to balance the working and leisure time. If we want to understand a part-time job as a leisure-time activity we should not get its financial evaluation as the most important motivating factor but as a voluntary activity that helps an individual to gain self-realization.

Self-education is an activity during which an individual gains knowledge and skills from various branches. The person himself set the conditions, aims to reach, evaluation, and motivation. It is important to focus on a certain goal and set a plan of self-education process. It is significant to continuously try various tactics and ways that will help to reach the aim to the person.

Tutoring serves students which achieve weaker study results or want to get improvements in a particular branch. Tutoring can take place both in school, home or in non-government organizations. It is the preparation for school classes, particularly practicing and increasing knowledge and the ability to apply it to normal life, or helping with home assignments.

Tutoring brings benefits not only to students but also to people who tutor. It supports self-education, develops self-realization of an individual who tutors and makes sense to their leisure time.

Addictive substances are such substances which have the ability to make a change in perceiving, experience, and behavior, or can cause addiction. A sad fact is that people look for freedom in these drugs and fall into addiction when they overuse them and it binds them even more than they realize in the beginning. So-called legal drugs (alcohol and tobacco) are commonly used in our society. Using these drugs is tolerated by our society but it is important to realize that they are also addictive.

Stamp-collecting is a leisuretime activity related to stamps including airmail stamps, stamp themes, revenue etc. These activities involve appearance, making, and using of the stamps. Studying stamps (e.g. technique of production, stamp identification), their examination (type of paper, watermarks, perforation), or comparison must not be forgotten. Collector use not only senses but also various tools (magnifying glass, apparatus for measuring the thickness of paper, computer, UV lamp etc.). Stamp-collectors gather at different meetings (exhibitions, exchanges…).

Geocaching is an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, called "geocaches" or "caches", at specific locations marked by coordinates all over the world. A person dealing with this activity is called geocacher. The website of this activity is www.geocaching.com. A typical cache is a small waterproof container containing a logbook and sometimes a pen or pencil. The geocacher signs the log with their established code name and dates it, in order to prove that they found the cache. After signing the log, the cache must be placed back exactly where the person found it. 

Lots of people spend their leisure time in gardens. It can be an active form by doing various activities (gardening: planting own fruit, vegetables, or flowers) or a passive one as relaxation. Community gardening, community gardens, and caring for community gardens are involved in this activity.

Playing outside offers many possibilities to spend one’s leisure time. Its advantage is staying in the fresh air and sunlight that have a positive effect on human health and psyche. This surrounding offers a person many possibilities how to use nature areas. These activities are not limited by surroundings or by the individual’s personality. They can be practiced by all age classes (children, adults, elderly) in any surrounding (terrestrial, water, air). This activity involves all unspecified activities taking place outdoors.

Due to human’s separation from nature in the past few decades, many people are inclined to nature again. Tourism or cycling are not enough for some of them, so they look for organized activities. It can be some experimental journeys to practice thrill or extreme sports like whitewater rafting or parachute jump, or relaxation activities like outdoor exercises (yoga, aerobic) or sociocultural outdoor activities (open-air concerts of classical music, outdoor musical and entertainment performances). As opposed to sports, these activities are not achievement-oriented, but experience-oriented.

Walking alone is a leisuretime activity when a person moves and have time for himself / herself. An individual can choose the track and time when he / she sets out for walking and can determine time he / she will spend on this activity. These conditions cannot be fulfilled distinctly for working people because of their work or other kinds of duties. Walking alone is a form of compensation for stressful jobs and sedentary pursuits. There are studies which analyze risks of this leisuretime activity like fear of injury by another person, fear of random injury, or fear of wild animals. (Coble, Selin, & Erickson, 2003; Thomas, Stanford, & Sarnecka, 2016)

This activity is very popular with many people regardless the age class thanks to harmonization of undemanding physical activity and nature. Walking in countryside can be connected with watching animals, birds, and plants. It is important to remember that this activity has its principles to behave safely and responsibly to oneself and to the nature.

Walking with friends (Roberson, & Babic, 2008) is typical for harmonization of light physical and social activities. We find this activity in all age classes. Mothers often walk with their young children in baby carriages or older children who still need parental control. (Bongaardt, Røseth, & Baklien, 2016) Seniors like to walk with their friends as well and share information. This applies also to students in elementary or high schools, colleges, and universities.

Walking animals is nearly almost exclusively practiced with dogs in the Czech Republic. Walking dogs is recreation after work or motivation to keep fit. (Johnson, & Meadows, 2010; Curl, Bibbo, & Johnson, 2016; Motooka, Koike, Yokoyama, & Kennedy, 2006) An animal can also serve as a barrier breaker in a social contact with others. Other motivation can be an animal’s absented physical activity because of living in apartments or in small places with their owners. Principles should be followed with walking animals; not only hygiene but also safety. Constraining can be current weather.

Sport is rooted back in the Antient times (matches, Olympic games). However, it has reached its boom in the past two centuries. Some respondents stated identically “sport” in describing their leisuretime activities. Thus, we created this kind of activity so as we could work with the data. All activities which the respondents marked as sport are involved here.

Games are individual and team activities mostly played to relax, not to produce anything. One of the game roles can be education. This activity as well as the activity 601 were also created according to the answers of the respondents in the questionnaires. They often marked this as “playing games”. This activity is meant for all responses stated as “games” which are not further specified.

Cheering as an activity is closely related to the development of the sport in the 20th century and the making the stadiums for thousands of fans accessible. A characteristic sign is the favorite sport club’s cheering and sometimes also aversion for some opponents’ teams. So-called “Ultras” is a specific group of loyal fans who try to arouse their own team, they attend all their matches and fundamentally cheer in a standing position. They prepare a typical choreography for each match and cheer as a group. An extreme form of cheering for soccer teams is a subculture called “Hooligans”. They are radical supporters, often troublemakers, whose activities has been suppressed by clubs and states.

This kind of games are applied to young children. Their aim is the development of one’s logic and math thinking, remembering of particular and abstract notions and their application in practice. A famous example of such a game is Kim’s game based on Rudyard Kipling’s book Kim. Its goal is to remember as much subjects as possible in a very short time when they can be seen.

Children as well as adults like board games. They represent a game world that is realized on a board. They can be divided into various ways. They can be based on a strategy when a player must prove his or her knowledge or skill to succeed, or on a chance. Verghese et al. (2003) states that they have a direct influence on reduction of the risk for development of dementia. The standard division of the board games is according the time of origin, or a type (i.e. Eurohry a Ameritrash).

They are such games when a player chooses one of more possibilities to gain his or her goal (win). The prerequisite for it is that the player is able to think in advance and confront various possibilities and choose the one which considers as the best. The games of strategy are for example chess, paintball, or survival games.

This kind of games is based on chance and fortune. People like this kind of games because they do not have to think hard and can relax amusingly this way. The random character of the game makes people feel tension that motivates them to win and, in case of failure, encourages for further playing. This can be very tricky, especially when the game is played for money. It can lead to gambling addiction which relates to many socio-pathological phenomena.

Soccer belongs to the most popular team sports. It is a physically demanding activity where two teams compete against each other. Each of them tries to gain as few goals as possible, and score as many goals to its opponent as possible at the same time. The length of the match is usually 2 x 45 minutes, there are 11 players including a goalkeeper.

Football tennis is a ball game whose aim is to get a ball over the net to the opposite side in a permitted way so as it cannot be returned. It has 3 basic variants: single, couple, triplet. The team which wins two sets is a winner (one set – 11 points with two-point deference). (Czech futnet association, 2016) This activity also involves various soccer and football tennis variants like five-a-side football, indoor cocker, and beach soccer.

Basketball is a dynamic ball sport with a long tradition. There are 5 players in each team. They score points by throwing a ball into the opponent’s basket. The length of the game is 4 x 10 minutes.

Handball belongs to the ball team sports. The aim is to score more goals than the opponent. Motoric and tactical skills as well as physical condition are required. The length of the game is 2 x 30 minutes.

Volleyball is a ball team sport. Its aim is to get a ball over the net into the opponent’s field and to prevent to do the same to the opponents. The team has 6 players and the winner must win 3 sets. There are more kinds of volleyball: indoor, beach, grass.

This team sport is one of the most favorite and physically demanding activities which is played both by children and adults (men as well as women). In Telama et al. (2005) opinion it is evident that a high level of physical activity in the age of 9 – 18 significantly predicts a high level of physical activity in adulthood. Wiley, Shaw, & Havitz (2000) state that the joining in leisuretime activities can be influenced by sociable perception of gender suitability, individual interests, and preferences. The aim is to score more goals than the opponent. All players have proper sports equipment (i.e. ice-skates, a hockey stick or a helmet). Ice hockey has its rules that have been changing or adjusting in the course of time for player’s safety, fairness or fluency of the game. Ice hockey can be played on the lower level (as an amateur competition) or on the higher level (an international competition) or it is also a sport event on the Olympic Games. The integral part, that the players cannot do without, is training. It is usually regular and limited in time. Hockey is primarily about meeting other people, entertainment and relaxation. Caltabiano (1994) stated in his research that ice hockey as a leisure activity has a stress-reduction benefit.

Field hockey is divided into indoor and outdoor hockey. Indoor hockey is played in a hall, a team has 5 players. The aim is to score goals with a stick that has various surface types according to the floor it is played on. The match is divided into two halftimes.

Floorball is a team indoor sport which is played with a soft plastic hollow ball. There are 5 players and a goalkeeper in a team. Players use special floorball sticks and try to score goals. Unlike in field hockey goalkeepers do not use a stick. They catch the ball with their body.

Baseball is a team bat sport in which a batter tries to hit the ball tossed by a pitcher. Each team has 9 players, two teams play against each other. If the batter runs around all 4 bases, the team scores a point. The aim of the game is to score more points than the opponent.

Cricket is a team bat sport for 2 teams, having 11 players each. It is played on a playground. There is a rectangular lane. The match finishes when all innings are played out. An inning ends when 10 out of 11 batters are out.

Softball is a simpler version of baseball. 2 teams play against each other, each team consists of 5 – 9 players. One team is on the playground, the other is at bat and they take turns. The players catch a ball on bases area.

Rugby is a team contact sport which brings health and social benefits. Players must be physically and mentally ready and follow the principles of safe game. All players can use their full potential during playing. There are two main kinds of rugby: rugby union with 15 players in each team, and rugby league (13 players) and other types of the game came into existence from these ones: Olympic rugby, touch rugby, or tag rugby.

2 teams compete against each other in team sports. They are the opposite of individual sports. A good cooperation between all players of a team is very important. They are also very beneficial for a social contact with teammates. There are communal motivation and all members’ support in a team. The failure impact is lesser and victory more intensive. In a team can arise new friendships that can transfer into a daily life.

Yoga has a very difficult position as for its classification. In Europe and north America, it is mainly ranked among light sports activities. It has its origin in India. The most famous references to it date back to 2nd century BC from Bhagavad-Gita. Yoga is rather a meditation and worshipping of natural forces in India than a sport. These influences penetrate into European yoga as well. That is why we often speak about a link to the Sun, natural energies etc.

Aerobic is a kind of physical exercise during which one’s body provide a good oxygenation so there is no oxygen deficit while exercising. It has its origin in Kenneth Cooper’s works, Jane Fond has become a promoter of it. The advantages of this activity, if done regularly, are: a very good physical condition, better elasticity of one’s vascular system and lung capacity, and positive influence on mental health. One can choose from many activities like aqua-aerobic, artistic aerobic etc.

Athletics, which have their origin in the ancient Olympic games, have been called the Queen of all sports. Their aim is not to defeat the opponent but to achieve the best possible results (the longest jump, to finish the race first of all). Various types of running belong here (relay, hurdle running), jump (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole jump…), and throw (javelin, discus or hammer throw, shot put…) and various forms of multi-event competitions (decathlon, pentathlon etc.).

Gymnastics unite sports disciplines that are demanding for coordinating one’s movements in most cases. Their origin is in antient Greece. There are several types of gymnastics: rhythmic gymnastics, sportive gymnastics, trampoline jumping, acrobatic gymnastics etc. Most European states have their own gymnastics unions which unite local gymnastics clubs.

The typical feature of running is that no limbs touch the surface of the ground in particular phases of movement. Running is distinguished by the length of the track and the running speed. We can distinguish sprint – high speed run, running on 60 to several hundred-meter-long tracks, or long-distance footrace where the tracks are several or tens kilometers long. A special race is the marathon. There are also co called orienteering running which is racing across unfamiliar countryside using a map and compass, cross-country run or stairs climbing etc.

Nordic walking is a special sports activity. The most important sporting equipment is so called Nordic walking sticks. It is an easy activity suitable for all age classes and can be practiced in all seasons. The advantage of this type of walking is even burdening of various groups of muscles and the burden is spread equally over the whole body, not the muscles on lower body parts only. It also has a positive effect on building one’s figure.

Majorettes are a sports-dance branch. The dancers make complicated choreography with a special stick called baton. They perform their art at various parades where the majorettes march to brass music and drums. Today’s majorettes perform a set of exercises to a modern music on a stage. Cheerleaders make a complicated choreography at stadiums where they can widen the choreography ultras or perform separately. There are competitions in this branch.

Tennis is a very popular leisuretime activity with children, teenagers, adults, and with people in advanced age as well (Alexandris, & Carroll, 1997). It can be played in a singles, doubles or mixed doubles versions. Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. The game is physically very demanding because of continual movement and different surfaces of the court. The game can last tens of minutes up to several hours. Due to these aspects, the players’ preparation is very significant.

Table tennis is a favorite type of sports both with children and adults. It is often offered by leisuretime organizations. As a leisuretime activity, it may not be so physically demanding, but it is recommended not to underestimate the preparation. Players’ mental maturity plays its role too. Players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. The game is fast and demands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage.

Men, women, and also children like playing badminton. It is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is often played as a casual outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court. Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing side's half of the court. As a leisuretime activity it is often performed by parents and their children. A missing net does not lessen a perfect feeling from the game.

This leisuretime activity is a quick and demanding sport which is popular with both men and women. Squash is a ball sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. The players must alternate in striking the ball with their racket and hit the ball onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court. Squash scoring systems have evolved over time. One unusual system consists of sets of 21 points. If ever both players are on 20-20, then the game continues until there is 2 points difference between them. There are also amateur competitions on the lowest level.

Golf can play players of all age classes regardless gender. Like any other sport, it also has its rules. Players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. It is not physically demanding, it can be played on public playgrounds and players can communicate with one another. It is played for fun, spending time with family and friends and being in the countryside.

The field of ball sports is very wide. Other ball sports are frisbee, lacrosse, ringo, boules etc. They can be played on different types of playing surfaces like grass, sand, parquet flooring. All players have to cooperate and it causes a feeling of playing for the team. They are played for fun and relaxation. They are practiced by both children and adults of all age classes. Ideal combinations are such sports which can play the whole family. The motivation in these cases is fun.

Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water or another liquid, usually for recreation, sport, exercise, or survival. (Alexandris, & Carroll, 1997) Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both. Humans can hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response. Swimming is consistently among top public recreational activities. There are four main strokes used in competition and recreation swimming: the front crawl, also known as freestyle, the breaststroke, the backstroke and the butterfly. It is an activity suitable for all people in any age class including handicapped ones.

Diving is an individual sport performed under the water surface with or without breathing apparatus. There are three types: scuba diving (cave diving, technical diving, deep diving), snorkeling and freediving (diving on one breath).

Surfing is a surface water sport in which the surfer rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. 

Windsurfing is a surface water sport that combines elements of surfing and sailing. It consists of a board powered by wind on a sail. 

Yachting is a surface water sport practiced on boats with sails powered by wind.

Rowing is a water sport where the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern, and uses the oars which are held in place by the oarlocks to propel the boat forward (towards the bow) in the shortest possible time. This may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance. Handicapped people can practice this sport thanks to specialized boat.

Paddling is a water sport where players manually propel various kinds of boats using a paddle. The paddle, which consists of one or two blades joined to a shaft, is also used to steer the vessel. The paddle is not connected to the boat (unlike in rowing where the oar is connected to the boat).

Rafting is a recreational outdoor activity in which sportspeople use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience.

Ice skating is the act of moving on ice by using ice skates. It can be done for a variety of reasons, including exercise, leisure, traveling and various sports. Ice skating occurs both on specially prepared ice surfaces (arenas, tracks, parks), both indoors and outdoors. Ice skates are boots with blades attached to the bottom, used to propel the bearer across a sheet of ice while ice skating. Modern skates come in many different varieties, which are chosen depending on the nature of the requirements needed for the skating activity. Inline skates are a type of roller skate used for inline skating. Unlike quad skates, which have two front and two rear wheels, inline skates typically have four to seven wheels arranged in a single line. Inline skating is popular with younger people; they rest and do something for their physical condition as well. Ice skating is the base activity in other winter sports as ice hockey, figure skating or speed skating.

Skiing can be a means of transport, a recreational activity or a competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. The movement is faster than using snowshoes. There are two main types of skiing: Alpine and cross-country skiing. (Alexandris, & Carroll, 1997) Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain. The main aim is exploring the countryside. Also called downhill skiing, alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot. Because alpine equipment is somewhat difficult to walk in, ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. 

Weight training and fitness as leisuretime activities serve for better physical and mental condition and better state of health. Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles. It utilizes the force of gravity in the form of weighted bars, dumbbells or weight stacks in order to oppose the force generated by muscle through concentric or eccentric contraction. Weight training uses a variety of specialized equipment (i.e. balls, skipping ropes) to target specific muscle groups and types of movement. Weight trainers commonly spend 5 to 20 minutes warming up their muscles before starting a workout. It is common to stretch the entire body to increase overall flexibility. It is often suitable to refine a regime for a better effect.

Shooting is focused on accuracy and the aim is to hit a given target. There are many types of guns. It is necessary to have a license or to shoot under the supervision of a competent person. These activities include firing from crossbows, slingshots, firearms. Paintball, airsoft and laser game are very popular with the youth.

Archery’s aim is to hit with a bow to a target from various distances.

Bowling is a sport focused on accuracy. Player rolls or throws a bowling ball towards a target. The winner knocks down most pins. Players need a bowling alley with 10 pins, bowling ball and special shoes.

Skittles are played with a ball without holes. 9 pins are put in the square shape.

Billiards is played with a cue and balls on a special billiard table. The main types of billiards are carom, snooker, pool.

Bocce ball is played with metal balls, is focused on accuracy and can be practiced on any kind of terrain. The aim is to throw metal balls as close as possible to the small wooden ball.

Curling is a team sport focused on accuracy. The aim is to transfer special stones on a sheet on ice towards a target area.

Darts are a form of throwing sport in which small missiles are thrown at a circular dartboard fixed to a wall. Players take turns. There are many types of this game. Darts are made from different materials and can be distinguished into two kinds: steel and soft ones.

Sportspeople use motor vehicles to perform this kind of sports activity. These sports can be divided into two main activities: car races in circuits like Formula 1, Rallye, autocross and long-distance competitions – Rallye Paris-Dakar; and motorcycling events in circuits – MotoGP, all-terrain races Enduro, motocross, speedway races. Some of the special types of motor sports are tractor, lawnmower or boat races.

Riding is a sport where an animal, most frequently a horse, is used. Typical is the jockey’s ride in the saddle. Horse riding has its origin in England and was spread to continental Europe and all world (mainly through Commonwealth’s colonies). There are many disciplines in horse riding. The most important are horseracing (the most famous id Grand National Steeplechase), hurdle racing (showjumping), dressage, endurance racing and western riding. Positive animal training (dog, parrot, seal training) belong to this activity as well.

Air sports are the only type of sports where the place of practicing is air space. These sports are highly dependent on weather conditions. To do this kind of sport it is important to be clear skies, no wind. The equipment involves either an aircraft motor vehicle (aerobatics, flying in helicopters, general aviation) or a non-motorized vehicle (parachutes, paragliding and hang gliding), flying in balloons, gliding, aeronautical modeling etc.

Biking is a sport where a bike is needed to practice it. Bike can have various features according to the purpose of its use and terrain. There are 3 types of biking: speed biking, where low weight and resistance are important since the aim is to travel the section as soon as possible; mountain biking requires a firm bike to overcome a difficult terrain; and indoor cycling which involves artistic cycling and cycleball.

The most common type of inline skating among public is fitness skating, recreational and hobby activity. Other types are freestyle skating, ice hockey skating, speed skating etc.

Skateboard is the most important equipment for skateboarding. It serves for riding, performing tricks and formations. The first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. In 1970s and 1980s skateboarding had risen in popularity in the USA. Skateboards have evolved considerably to today’s shape which is, unlike the previous ones, symmetrical. There are many tricks and movements typical for skateboarding: ollie or kickflip for example.

Mountaineering involves sports and physical activities practiced on vertical walls. (Dilley, & Scraton, 2010) Special equipment protecting against damaging or death is needed for doing them like seats, hook nails, robes, helmets, ice axes, climbing irons etc. Although it is possible to practice mountaineering on indoor walls, it is mostly performed outdoor. Mountain climber often climb high mountains or cliffs, ice walls, buildings or bridges.

Ballet is an activity on the frontier between arts and sports. It is based on special choreography and music for ballet production. It can be a part of other artworks like an opera. Ballet has its rules and dance elements. Ballet dancers have special ballet shoes with reinforced front part or close-fitting and soft ballet slippers to dance.

This activity involves all organized or otherwise dance both individual and team activities (Alexandris, & Carroll, 1997) except ballet.

Dance sports come from ballroom dancing. Typical is dance in pairs to dance music using special steps of a particular style. Competitors are divided into activity according to age and performance. There are two main activities of dances: the modern dances, whose origin is mainly in Europe and which has a strict dress code (men wear tuxedo and women evening gowns), and Latin dance came into existence in South America and the dress code is not so strict.

There are many dance styles which can be ranked among the ballroom dances, such as mambo, salsa, or flamenco. There are individual and team dances: rap, hiphop, step, belly dancing, street dance, country dance, African dance etc.

Here we can place many sports not included in other sub-categories.

Going to sporting events is the indispensable part of sports. Organizers offer both indoor and outdoor spaces for funs to cheer their sportspeople. The stay in this space is temporary. Going to sporting events fulfils the social and the entertainment function. It is a favorite leisure time activity both for individuals and groups. The matches are frequently accompanied by attractive programs.

This is individuals’ favorite activity because one does not have to make an excessive physical activity, spend money and time for transportation and it is accessible to nearly everybody. Enough funds to purchase needed equipment are required (a TV, a satellite, a computer, the Internet). It is possible to watch any sport via the Internet anytime at any season regardless the place. Watching special events like World Championship of various sports, major tournaments, Olympic games is becoming very popular. The attractiveness of watching increases in the eyes of individuals with favorite sports people and teams’ success.

Many people are interested in sports statistics due to which they have more precise information about sports people or teams. You can watch a lot of data: goals, time spent on playground, errors in a match and many more. These pieces of information they can use for betting which are not involved in sports statistics. They cannot be considered as watching only, but also as their creation and improving as the modern technologies have been advanced.

Coaching is a leisure time activity during which a person spend time for work with an individual or a team in a particular sport to reach the best results. Coaches can train both children and adults. Coach’s scope of activities involves coaching, motivation, preparation and checking on the work of the person. This job also involves education and preparation for coach tests.

Cheering for popular clubs is a favorite activity and it can be found in all sports. A person is very fond of a sportsperson or a team. A fan believes that the subject or object of his / her interest will succeed and support them appropriately. Such support is shown not only at places where the sportsperson operates but the fan goes to these subjects. Fans also wear special clothes with symbols of their teams, use slang language and meet in fun clubs which belongs to the fan subculture.

Habits and rituals are key elements of the family environment. They define the uniqueness of each family and serve as a basis for creating rules and norms which allow the family members to feel safe and secure. The family is an example of en environment where various leisure activities can take place. The activities may be diverse, but they have one thing in common: the family members. Family activities have not been specified by the respondents and they were sometimes described very vaguely (e.g. only with a word “family”). The activity is therefore based on general statements.

Each family can afford different kinds of family trips and vacations according to their financial resources or their favourite destinations. For some, family trips and vacations mean spending time with their loved ones or strengthening the family relationships; others find recreation and exploration of new places both in their homeland and abroad more important.

Sibling games help develop co-operation, knowledge and skills according to the types of games. The types of sibling games and relationships among the players depend on the key factor: the age of the children. To make sibling games fun and harmonious, older players should be more considerate because younger siblings are not as skilled as them.

Social care is a leisure activity, independent of the social welfare created and provided by the state. The activity includes social care activities pursued in leisure time and provided to close relatives e.g. to the family members or friends. They are considered leisure activities and not related to work.

This activity includes activities related to providing care and activities for children who cannot be attended to by their parents or guardians. It does not include activities which are considered as duties or jobs. The common denominator is baby-sitting which becomes a framework for diverse activities such as creative activities, playing with children, walks and sports, watching fairy tales etc.

Social pedagogy focuses on the entire population to help all age groups in various life situations. It is not only about removing the negative social and individual phenomena, but mainly about strengthening the positive ones, in particular through education and training. Social work aims to improve the quality of life of individuals, groups, and the society. This part includes activities in social pedagogy and social work (not social care), for example, field services, counselling, crisis intervention, working in low-threshold facilities, etc.

Visiting friends is a common part of life today. Unlike in the past, people far more often meet their friends than the members of their families. This is caused by the fact that they make more friends and some of them become quite close. Moreover, it is much easier to share experiences, joys and worries with friends/peers than with the family members who are a generation or two older. However, more friends and lack of time can separate us from the family, which may have negative effects on the functioning of the family.

The nature of visits to relatives depends on the situation. Some visits may be spontaneous and unscheduled, when the goal is only to visit the person and spend time with them; however, regular visits (e.g. to grandparents) or planned visits are more common. Such visits include, for example, celebrations of significant jubilees, weddings or funerals. The length and nature of visits depends on the distance; if the distance is greater, the visits are less regular.

The activity of social clubs includes all activities related to meeting people for various reasons. Social clubs are music clubs and bars where people have fun, listen to music, dance, and drink. However, there are also other kinds of social clubs – social activities can be organized by all sorts of clubs, associations, and societies to help people socialize and focus on various fields of human activity such as sports, culture, etc.

This leisure activity takes place in clubs, recreational facilities, schools, etc. Participants discuss important (political, ecological, social) topics. Debates have certain rules that need to be followed by all participants. There are many formats of debates, such as parliamentary debates or Karl Popper debates. Discussion and debating clubs organize competitions, tournaments, and training. Some of their events are open to the public.

This activity includes social events of various nature such as corporate events (e.g. parties), balls, concerts, exhibitions, birthday parties, garden parties, weddings, fashion shows, etc. Organizing social events includes various activities and services depending on the nature of the event such as the planning and organization of the event, the event design, renting the venue and technical equipment, catering, receptions (banquets, feasts), hiring the dance performers and music ensembles, hosts, photographers, and so on.

Balls are festive social events frequented mostly by adults. At the ball, people take part in ballroom dancing to music. The event usually requires formal clothes; special balls such as fancy dress party may require masks. In the past, balls were frequented by high society. Today, there are also less formal balls held by various organizations, associations, etc.

Discos are mostly frequented by young people. They last throughout the night until the early morning hours, usually at the end of the working week and on the weekend. People go to discos to have fun, make new acquaintances, listen to music, and dance. Dance music is played by a DJ who also hosts and moderates the event. Various social games and competitions are often held at discos as well.    

Dance parties usually take place in villages. At dance parties, people meet, listen to music played mostly by amateur bands, dance, eat, drink, make new acquaintances, and talk to their friends. Some dance parties are organized as parts of other events, for example, feasts, festivities, witch burnings, etc. More dance parties are organized just for the dance itself. During the summer holidays, they often take place outside.

This activity includes activities related to work with the youth and children. These activities can have different character and levels of organization, and their aim is to educate the youth and children. Leaders should be able to work with children and the youth in leisure time to help them build friendships.

Anyone who meets the criteria of a youth or children’s organization and agrees with the mission and activities of the organization can be become a member. Children’s and youth organizations organize different types of activities. A key element of the activities are social relationships: children and young people make new friends and learn how to co-operate in groups. The activities help them develop their cognitive, affective and psychomotor abilities.

There are many organizations organizing summer camps for children but they are based on very different approaches. Some of them work with groups of children for a whole year and their activities culminate in summer camps. Leaders and organizers of summer camps are volunteers. On the other hand, there are commercial organisations that organize theme summer camps for children and hire camp leaders who then create and organize the programme for children for a financial reward. There are many other approaches between these two.

The activity includes activities related to planning and organizing summer camps for children, from creating the programme to guiding individual participants and groups in the camp activities.

Summer camps for children are organized by many various organizations, from non-governmental NGOs to commercial entities. Every year, there are many different summer camps. Their focus or theme depends on the target group (e.g. there are summer camps only for children from 6 to 11 years of age, summer camps for children with hearing impairment, etc.). Any child who meets the conditions set by the organization can go to the summer camp. Summer camps help children become more independent and step out of their comfort zone. Children strengthen their social ties and learn to work in groups. They also cultivate their values in diverse activities.

This activity includes a variety of activities, from the work of municipal politicians (e.g. mayors) and regional politicians (councillors or governors) to national politicians (MPs, ministers, the President). In a representative democracy, politicians in all these functions are elected by citizens who can also be elected. This activity includes the work of the advisors or deputy ministers and other representatives whose job is to discuss certain issues and provide enough information to elected representatives to help them make informed decisions.

Political meetings and demonstrations are public activities that can be initiated either by a political party or movement, or citizens. Their aim is to protest or express an attitude to the establishment and various political and other issues. At these events, large groups of people express their opinions to reach and win as many supporters as possible. In democratic countries, such meetings are not suppressed and they are one of the tools that support the proper functioning of a democratic society.

With regard to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, issued by the UN in 1989, many states established children’s and youth representative bodies where children and the youth have an opportunity to express their opinions and interests which can then be taken into account if they are eligible. These bodies include various forms of children’s and youth councils representing the interests of children’s an youth organizations. The councils represent the needs of children and the youth when dealing with the public authorities (the Parliament, the government, etc.) There are also various representative bodies at schools (e.g. school parliaments) or at various organs of the public administration.

They are task-based games (e.g. riddles, object collecting and their correct using, plot twists) to reach the goal. There are whole series of sub-genres of adventures. We can also mention textual adventures (the starting point of the game is a text), more modern and sophisticating graphical adventures that are divided into: escape adventures, puzzle adventures, exploration adventure or point-and-click adventures. Other sub-genres are visual novelette (they bind textual and graphical adventures) or Hybrids (e.g. visual novelette with some elements of point-and-click adventure).

Players destroy various targets in these types of games. They use either fighting techniques or weapons. We rank among them FPS (games from one's own perspective), TPS (games from a perspective of another figure), action games, tactical or spy and hero games. The sub genres of these games are gun plays where the aim is to shoot the opponent to death. It is often a team game (e.g. Shoot 'em up).

The aim of these games is to defeat the opponent in a fight. It is reached by various weapons, punches and other possibilities. The games are usually played in a particular space, mainly in arenas: e.g. Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter.

Sports and racing arcades are a limited group of games as for their themes which simulate some sports performance in a limited game space. Players simulate some sports or racing performance to achieve a particular goal. They have a variety of additional features that are unreal in the real world. One of the  most famous game company in this field is Electronic Arts with their branches EA Sports and the game of Need for Speed.

The aim of platform games is to get one's hero into the destination. Players get various rewards but also obstacles (e.g. opponents, traps and snares) which they have to conquer successfully. This kind of games requires nimble fingers and concentration. The most popular ones are Prince of Persia, Pac-man, Digger, or Boulder-dash. Logical games require the players to think logically so as they could go farther. We mention Tetris or Atomic.

Players plan and think about further steps to gain the goal (usually victory). Elements of strategy games  often overlap into other genres. There are also sub genres: 4X (building or conquering of empires), Artillery (bringing to fight), RTS in the real time (construction games), TBS with a limited time for activities in a game), Tower Defense – stationing of troops and protection of forts, MOBA (multiple players online).

This is a game genre whose aim is to imitate some environment of people's lives in various situations. Players can plan their activities, combine various factors in the light of circumstances in the game. We can name for example The Sims and Sim City.

PC game players can commonly meet various sub genres of simulators. The sports ones are often either collective games nowadays (played together on the Internet), or individual ones. Their aim is to simulate a sports match or performance as effectively as possible. We can mention FIFA, NHL, or Football Manager. Players often plan and anticipate in these games. Simulator category involves also racing, fighting, playing cards etc. Simulators are popular mainly for the possibility to try something that is not possible in the real life. Players can use some game accessories like steering wheels with pedals.

Players create the plot in role-playing games and they control one protagonist, not all characters of the given side. The characters are the “real” beings with a name, they have their past and special skills and other aspects. Individual players form their protagonists, living in a fictional world which control and direct one of the players – game master.

Virtual reality is a technology proving interaction with a simulated environment. It creates an illusion of the real world whose the players are parts of. Virtual reality creates visual, hearing, tactile or other sensation. The tools for creating virtual reality are computer, consoles, or smart phones on which special applications for virtual reality can be run. Players also need special VR glasses that convey image, or console driver, motion sensors, keyboards or mouses for controlling the device. Activities in this field involve various games, drawing 3D paintings, exploring of various spaces and territories etc. Virtual reality in sports activities serves for training of correct movements or techniques.

Personal blogs are specific forms of diaries held on the Internet. This category involves all blogs whose authors write and describe themselves and their lives e.g. their jobs, families, friends, studies, travelling, experiences, thinking, opinions about the world, politics, latest events, life abroad etc. The blog is a record keeping of their thoughts, feelings, emotions, experiences, quotes, ideas, events etc. for them.

Hobby blogs have a wide range of subcategories. One of the most popular are fan blogs (blogs about celebrities, music bands, movies, series, sports clubs and so on), food blogs (about cooking), wine blogs (about wine), fashion blogs (about fashion), arts blogs (artists' blogs who publish the results of their art activities), blogs about animals (animal lovers and animal holders' blogs) and literary blogs (writer or journalist beginners or amateur scribblers' blogs).

Photo blogs involve all blogs where images predominate over text. Their authors use them especially for sharing of their own pictures. Due to the development of digital photography, this hobby has become very popular with a vast crowd of amateurs. Servers that offer creating blogs, provide support to many talented photographers. New photo blogs have been arising daily.

Personal websites were a significant phenomenon before the birth of social networks which have limited their creation considerably. We replace the contents of websites by creating own profile on social networks. Personal websites, however, still offer a certain charm and their creating may mean an important alternative to social networks for many people. Personal websites created by professionals often serve as celebrities' promotional sites. Crucial bonuses of such websites are own domain names.

Creating websites of various organizations, associations, voluntary groups, religious communities etc. is a leisure-time activity in the category blogs and websites. The activity involves editorial work, technical management and contents of the web pages.

Other forms of communication which belong to the category blogs and websites and are not a profile on social networks (e.g. online discussion forums, e-mail conferences).

Facebook means a crucial social network of 1,5 billion people. It is a social network focused mainly on one's own presentation possibilities which can lead to pathological manifestation of personality, e.g. narcissism. The disadvantage of the network, which has been gradually disappearing, is a low link to the portfolio of applications that offers for example Google Plus. Facebook has been solving this handicap by establishing new services like Live video, Reactions etc. According to the data from the year 2016 has Facebook 1,65 billions profiles.

Social network Twitter is one of significant alternative of Facebook. It serves for sharing short messages accompanied with multimedial attachment. The power of these short statements use many celebrities to promote their political attitudes (e.g. Donald Trump) or to lead campaigns (e.g. MeToo).

Social network Instagram, which has been currently spreading very much, is based on the idea of sharing images, therefore it is often termed image social network. The development of cell phone and their photo applications supports the interests in Instagram therefore it does not have a developed web form. The crucial is to install the application on mobile devices and to share as many images as possible.

Google Plus is an option of social network of Google company. This network is a competition of Facebook and it contents about 2,2 billions profiles but only 9 per cent are active according to data from 2015 (users publish records or other contents). You can share posts, comments, multimedia contents, it offers online communication similarly as Facebook. Its advantage is the active connection with other services of Google company (Disc, Calendar, Gmail, YouTube etc.), its disadvantage is users' low activity.

This special social network from Google company enables to share videos among users. They can make comments and share further, make links from other websites and integrate them into their applications. YouTube belongs to the biggest social networks as for data and time range of shared materials as well as the the interests of regular users (about 25 millions at the same time in real time).

LinkedIn represents a specific network focusing on sharing users' occupational profiles. Occupational profiles often serve as professional CVs for head hunters who are increasingly using them. Groups of people interested in the same occupation or profession are being formed here, unlike general social networks. Firms can provide public procurement via this network.

Snapchat is a specific application working on the principle of social networks enabling sharing of pictures (or images) which other users can hold, reply by own picture or the original picture is deleted after a period of time.  The service is very popular in the USA where it has about 50 millions users.

Pinterest is a social network based on sharing a collection of pictures which their users can either make from their own pictures or the pictures shared on the Internet. They make collections of pictures this way. Other users can look at them, make some comments and mark them as favorite ones. Users can cooperate with making such collections.

All other social networks belong in this category, e.g. QZone (China), MySpace, Reddit, StumpleUpon, Yelp, LiveJournal, Bebo, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki (Russia).

The social networks Lidé or Spolužáci are well-know in the Czech Republic.